American History

The American government mobilized an army to participate in the war against the German in order to protect its international interests. The successes of the alliance forces in the First World War are mainly attributed to the leadership of General Pershing. The alliance members could not have worn the war without the support of the US forces and they therefore had no choice than to follow the leadership of General Pershing.
Apart from his exemplary leadership of the American army during the First World War, Pershing is also recognized for identifying the need to establish a military training school for the formal training of a competent military police corps. This was marked by the successful establishment of a school in Autun, France. He is therefore regarded as the father of the military corps. Pershing also led the initiative of providing better combat boots for the armies during the war. This was provoked by the need to have boots which could withstand the effects of the trench warfare.

The battle of the Chateau Thierry was the second combat in which the American expeditionary force was involved in during the First World War. The American expeditionary force was under the command of General Pershing during this time. It was part of the second battle of Marne and was triggered by the German troops on July 15th 1918. The Franco-American troops launched a counter attack on the German troops three days later, between Fontenoy and Chateau Thierry. The American army being more equipped and aggressive was the main fighting force around Soissons and Chateau Thierry. This area comprised of a stretch of more than forty kilometers. The American army caught the German troops by surprise and aggressively mounted a successful attack on enemy territory. They forced the German troops to retreat.
General Pershing was responsible for the training and supply of competent army men for both the National Guard force and the army force. Under the leadership of Pershing, the American army grew magnanimously in number from the initial twenty seven thousand to two full armies of almost two million trained personnel after he took command. Pershing was able to lead the army despite the constant political problems in America as a result of the war. Pershing sacrificed other political interests including his advocacy for an all racially inclusive army in order to pay his full attention to the leadership of the army.

Pershing went to France in June, 1917. This visit boosted the morale of the troops and was celebrated by the infantry by a short march around Paris. The American forces were then sent to France in autumn of the same year. By the beginning of 1918 entire divisions of the American army were joining the French troops in the frontlines against the German. Pershing however maintained that the American troops would not integrate with the other armies but would serve sorely under American command. The only time they integrated in warfare was late in 1918 when two divisions of the American army were loaned to the British, Canadian and Australian troops in breaking the Hindenburg line.

The American troops did not actively engage in combat until the summer of 1918 when they fought alongside the French troops in the second battle of the Marne. Eight American army divisions fought alongside twenty four French army divisions. Coupled with the success which the American and French troops had achieved at Amiens this battle served as a strong turning point of the battle offensive on the western front.

The troops succeeded at mounting a strong offensive against the German troops at Saint Mihiel but were stopped by the overall supreme commander, Marshal Foch. Instead of forging forward towards Metz, the American troops led three offensives into the western front. These consisted of two troops at the Hindenburg line as well as one more troop led by Plumer in Flanders. The troops were instead deployed northwards together with the French troops at Meuse Argonne. In addition to the civil unrest and the collapse of Germany supporters, this break up at Argonne was among the top reasons why the Germany finally accepted the armistice later in the war. The American and the French troops were initially at a numerical advantage against the German troops since most of the German troops were already engaged against the British expeditionary troops. Pershing had severally disdained trench warfare and fully believed that the skill of his troops with the rifle would give them a sure victory against the German troops.

The Meuse Argonne offensive took place in 1918 and was a part of the overall offensive consisting of all the allied forces. This battle was fought by the US army which was still under General Pershing at the time. In the battle of Meuse Argonne the alliance troops were focused on breaking through the Hindenburg line. This battle is considered to the biggest American offensive of the First World War. The aim of this battle was to break the railway hub at Sedan which was being used by the German army already occupying France, as the main supply link from the rest of the world. The lack of supplies would then result to the German troops withdrawing from the territory. This consisted of a 56km stretch of hills and forest land. This land extended towards Sedan where the French troops had been defeated in 1870. The attacking alliance force consisted of three already experienced and nineteen inexperienced American divisions. The attacking force also consisted of six French divisions and tank support.

The offensive was most aggressive at the Saint Mihiel battle where the American divisions who had initially been deployed in staff work, were redeployed in French uniforms at the front in night moves. These US troops were able to attack the four successive defense lines which had been elected by the German troops. Majority of the alliance forces were then sent to the north and the northwest of Verdun leading to one of the most success strategies of the war.

In September 26, 1918 the US army attacked the German troops and mounted a very aggressive front for two days until they were joined by twenty more divisions. Direct attack of the enemy troops however shattered much of the thirty-fifth division which primarily comprised of national guards. This division was replaced with other officers. The American army was also grappling with several problems including a breakdown in communication leading to some of the troops going without water or food for several days.

The momentum of the war and the morale of the alliance troops dwindled as a result of this and Pershing resumed the offensive in October 4 1918 up to October 29th 1918. This offensive was halted temporarily when the German troops retreated to the Meuses west bank. The British and Australian troops also took part in the Hindenburg offensive. Mont-Ibrehain village was captured in this offensive. This victory at St Quentin canal ended the conflict and marked a total bleach of the Hindenburg line by October 10 1918. This second phase of the war also saw the Battle of Montfaucon between October 14th and 17th.

The US troops at Hindenburg had succeeded in capturing more than ten miles while the French troops on the other side had successfully progressed for twenty miles and reached the Aisne River. During this operation on October 8, 1918 Sergeant Alvin York successfully captured one hundred and thirty two German soldiers. Sergeant York served in the 328th and the 82nd infantry in Georgia. He is reputed to have been a staunch Christian and only engaged in warfare after he was convinced by his commanders that war was justified biblically. Sergeant York is heralded for his efforts against the German troops on October 8, 1918 at Decauville rail line which was located north of Chatel Chehery. The orders of his group were to infiltrate the German lines and disarm the machine guns which were shooting at American troops.

The troop which was under Sergeant Bernard Early consisted of thirteen privates and four non commissioned officers. The attack did not go as anticipated and while the American troop was securing the German prisoners, they were assailed with machine gun fire from the ridge, killing six of their officers and wounding three others. York broadly approached the more than thirty enemy machine guns killing more than eight soldiers and taking the rest as prisoners. The actions of Sergeant York saw the remaining eight American soldiers capture one hundred and thirty two German soldiers. This in turn allowed the 328th infantry to renew the attack on Decauville Railroad. York received the Distinguished Service Cross from General Pershing as a result of his heroism while the French gave him the Legion of Honor and the Croix de Guerre. The Italian government also recognized his efforts and awarded him with Croce di Guerra while Montenegro gave him the War Medal.

By the end of October, the American soldiers had forged on and covered fifteen kilometers while the French troops had passed the Aisne River and covered thirty kilometers. The American army divided into two fronts the first led by general Leggett which continued to advance towards the sedan railroad and the second front was led by Lieutenant General Robert towards Metz. This group captured the German troops at Buzancy facilitating the capture of Le Chesne by the French troops. Within these six weeks there were one hundred and twenty thousand American casualties including fifteen thousand deaths. This led to increased frustration and political pressure leading to what most scholars have classified as Pershings most grievous mistake. Pershing ordered the US first army to recapture Sedan which had been the location of the defeat of the French troop in 1870. Pershing therefore renewed the attack on November 1 and went on to capture Sedan by November 6.

This renewed attack however resulted in a lot of confusion because the first division forces had already been deployed at the west front and many American soldiers were arrested on the suspicion that they were German. Pershing also insisted through a direct letter to the allied supreme war council that the German troops not be given a chance for an armistice but be fought until they surrendered completely. This bold move was against the army protocol. At the time of the armistice, Pershing had already ordered troops to forge on towards Metz and towards Lorraine. This was also to run concurrently with other offensives into Belgium. Even after the armistice, the American government ignored the Versailles treaty until they signed another one in 1921. The last American troops left Germany in 1923.

In conclusion, the First World War was the fist time the American troops joined the alliance against enemy troops. This war resulted into the international recognition of America as a formidable military power earning it recognition from the rest of the world. The First World War was characterized by various smaller battles. The American troops were under the command of General Pershing. General Pershing is recognized for the initiative he took in establishing a training military school, ensuring that the troops were competent before being sent to the field. He recognized the need for the American troops to remain under their own leadership as opposed to integrating with the alliance troops. In addition he designed the first combat boot which allowed the American troops to forge forward even in the trenches. General Pershing is also recognized for the success of the First World War including the battle of Chteau-Thierry and the Meuse Argonne. Sergeant York is also recognized for his courage during the Meuse Argonne offensive at the Hindenburg line where he single handedly captured one hundred and thirty two German prisoners. The First World War marked the beginning of modern war alliances between different military powers.

The Japanese military leaders planned a surprised aerial attack on the American Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in order to handicap them to retort and defend their strategic objectives in Far East Asia. This attack led Americans to quickly get involved in the World War II and served as the anticlimax of the US and Japanese worsening relations. The Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and its amiable ties and military alliance with Axis Powers, Germany and Italy, and its activity in the French Indochina in 1941 provoked the United States to freeze all the Japanese assets in America.

Furthermore, America also declared a restriction on petroleum and war materials shipments to Japan and disengaged all commercial and financial relations with Japan. The Japanese diplomatic offices continued to negotiate with the American delegates until the day of the Pearl Harbor Assault, while the government of then Prime Minister Tojo Hideki was determined to get involved in the war.

In the beginning of 1941, the Commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, the Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku laid down the plan for the surprise attack. By September 1941, the Japanese military forces were all prepared for the secret assault in Philippines and West Indies, along with the major blow directed at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on the Island of Oahu. The Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo was made the commander of the Pearl Harbor planned assault. Nagumo has detailed the surprise attack with great care against the pacific fleet. Once the fleet was eliminated, there was no force stopping the Japanese conquest of the South East Asia and Indonesian Archipelago.

Nagumo led the force of 30 Ships together with six aircraft carriers having about 430 planes. About 360 fighter planes were used as part of the planned attack. In addition 20 submarines of the Japanese Advance Expeditionary Forces were stationed at Kure Naval Base on the west coast of Honshu, to assist the attack. These submarines journeyed across the pacific during mid-November and arrived at the Oahu Island on December 5th. Midnight 6-7 December five of the submarines surfaced at the Pearl Harbor.

Nagumos forces sailed to the coast of Oahu and arrived unobserved by the Americans about 200 miles north of Oahu at six AM Hawaiian time on December 7, 1941. The air attack was launched in three waves utilizing 360 planes, which started at 6 AM and ended at 715AM. The planes flew to the south for the target assignments and then flew towards Oahu for the synchronized attacks. The airstrike assault included torpedo planes, bombers, and fighters. Japanese dive bombers targeted the ships anchored at the Harbor, as they were unmanned. The Japanese choose Sunday to launch the strikes to attain maximum advantage while few were available to launch counterattack if any.

The Japanese attacks principal mission was to cripple the American Naval Pacific fleet, which was accomplished easily, as Americans were unprepared. All in all, the Japanese severely damaged 18 ships, including eight battle ships, three light cruisers and destroyers each.  In addition the airfields also suffered tremendous losses, as about 161 American planes were blown away or destroyed and 102 planes were severely damaged. The American Navy and Marine Corps suffered from 2986 fatalities, resulting in 2117 dead and 779 wounded. Much criticism and dissatisfaction was aggravated against the US militarys unpreparedness and the extent of damage.  As a result Admiral Husband Kimmel and General Walter Short, Navy and Army commanders respectively were relieved of their duties and official investigations began.
Americans had about 96 vessels stationed at Pearl Harbor, comprising the bulk of its Pacific Fleet. On airfields about 390 Army and Navy planes of all types were available and less than 300 were ready for any kind of combat or assault. However Americans quickly recovered from the shocking attack and fought back austerely, and ordered their planes to strike the counterattack. Hence the Japanese lost over 29 planes, five midget submarines and one large submarine during the attack, losing 55 airmen and several crew onboard their submarines. While Nagumos task force was able to sail away unnoticed and unharmed.

The Pearl Harbor assault disabled Americas Naval and Air forces in the Pacific. However, the Japanese were unable to destroy the biggest and most important oil storage facilities on Oahu Island and three other aircraft carrier fleets that were not at the harbor at the time of attack. In addition out of the eight battleships, two were repaired and were back to service.

As declared by the United States President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, the date which will live in infamy. After the presidents stirring six minute address, congress voted to wage war against Japan with all of the countrys available resources. The day unified the American public and eliminated their earlier demands to remain neutral.  Four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy also declared war with United States, which was also immediately recognized by congress. Some historians blamed President Roosevelt for having invited the attack at the Pearl harbor, and bringing in the Axis Powers in war, however later investigations and analysis disclosed that Japans attack was anticipated but the magnitude, extent and location could not be deciphered accurately.

The United States wanted to isolate Japan economically to cut credits for them to purchase petroleum and subsequently force them to pull them out from China. Japan purchased petroleum from three main sources namely USA, Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) and Burma (controlled by British in 1940s). The withdrawal from china was not acceptable to the Japanese think tanks and, hence, the surprise strike against the US Navy was planned. The removal of the US pacific Fleet by the Japanese strike made Japanese Navy paramount, and helped them gain control of Burma and Dutch East indies in order to attain enough oil resources to run their economy and military and beat the economic slump that United States had planned.

The email allows people to do many tasks that include the daily routines, shopping purposes as well as business and educational purposes. Whenever some one order a product through email, or enter in a online contest or even subscribe to a magazine, his name along with other details gets registered to a company or organization who is involve in the online advertising business and this is how he may be placed on a mailing list. Those organizations rent or trade the list that has your name included. This is how the process of Junk mail begins and you become entitled to receive many junk mails on daily basis.

For a user, a decision to jump from the old faithful internet explorer becomes a tough one at times because every person has his own convenience to look after. They will certainly need to weigh the pros and cons and make a decision based on their respective needs. Users will longer have to clutter the same old task bar with many separate copies of the browser opened while browsing through different pages.

Although there are still many other minor improvements presented with each new update but the two dont seem to agree with each other on more than one front and this is something where eventually the end user will suffer. Another issue that came to the lime light through recent experience where the Firefox clearly takes the lead is the fact that their security problems are patched more quickly than IE ones.

Even for person who just check web archive only to remain in touch with the world and does not have to do anything with business, it is a serious issue because  it is still annoying to go through the same old story every day that has simply useless to say the least. We have seen the proof of an efficient simultaneous working environment between both the components confirm that and it can be assumed from the above mentioned experiment that in order to attain optimum efficiency, it would be wise to increase the number of processors so that they are at least equal or a little more simply because in heavy work load environments, it is deemed as a necessity and not a mere formality.

In web archive process, your name along with other details is sold to other publishing companies. It is no coincidence that when you ask for one catalog there is likelihood that you will also to get catalogs from other companies. This is function undertaken by a company named Advo who is supposed to work through the white address card which is the one with the pictures of missing people and it indicates exactly who will receive the junk mail.

If a person opts out from the process, they stop the process of printing a card with your address. However, the mail carrier is on such an automated process that he or she just stuffs one in everyones mailbox whether theres an address card for them or not. A few cases happened when a person even complained about this procedure being undertaken without the concerned person authorizing but they simply refused to be concerned. There are companies who guarantee that their services are specially designed to stop the junk mail delivery to their customers but none of them has so far get the job done. However, one thing that can be surely said that it takes a lot less time to just pay for their service and get rid of most junk mails with the help of their software but even then it does not make a great deal of difference.

One such company is the DMA that provides an ease to their customers by not charging directly on the credit card.This is obvious as giving ones credit card number makes many people easily offended. The truth of the matter is that if they ask for your credit card number, there is probably intent to discourage people from registering and therefore the junk mail process continues to bother the masses.

What ever the case maybe, the fact is that the service is purely genuine and by getting registered, it does reduce your junk mail by many fold. There is a drawback however that it works only in one dimension i.e. for national mail and not the local mail and also does so for only residential addresses and not the businesses one so one can say that the jab is merely half done.

How it all starts
Hurled McCain (2006) states that it is still a minor irritation but let us assume that he can live with that.  After a couple of years the amount of junk mail keeps increasing and now junk mail is becoming an issue since he is receiving archives on daily basis and it is not pleasant to filter through them carefully in the hope of finding one written by a real person.

The situation gets even worse as some of these will be harmful viruses disguising as messages from friends to avoid distrust. At this stage he begins to notice that it is taking quite a long time to download useful emails daily. In case if the person is using a dial-up connection then the realization that all this junk mail is costing him precious time and money in the form of phone calls.

The above was already annoying enough for the user but in addition to all this, an inevitable stage comes when he realizes that all the important information on his computer has been destroyed by a virus which he clicked on by accident when he was filtering through his associated web archives. Then he has to spend a span of two weeks only for the re-installation all the required software and files.  Usually he will have to pay someone with the expertise needed to help him. To Replace the legacy computer tools, that had no problem oriented features or very limited to say the least with high procedure capable softwares that come with built in with the philosophy of object programming and also provides high effectiveness of application work and allows using of visual techniques to cope up with the challenging environments of the 21st century.

Web Archive Functionality
Martin Kremer (2007) in his work clearly emphasizes that one must do proper home work to get rid of the junk mail business and in order to do that, a realization is very important especially it is important to understand that that in online archiving business, no direct archive actually works. This is an entire industry where a mass web archiving is considered successful if only two percent out of all the hundred percent envelopes or catalogs are able to generate a sale.

What this means that almost the remaining ninety eight percent of the paper and ink was simply wasted This is why it seems an impossible to block all the junk mail even with the help of specialized softwares and services because the amount in which they are generated is so huge. (McCain, 2006)

Lets look at this situation from the junk mail generator i.e. the actual industrialists perspective as to discover just why they do what they do Any industry where almost ninety eight percent of the marketing fail to reach its targeted audience is an enormous business opportunity for anyone able to sort out just as to how to hit the target more often than not. If we users eliminate all the unwanted ads from our mailboxes, it will increase profits for mailers because they will slash their advertising cost without any diminishing revenue.

According to Kremer, what other reason one can imagine as to why all U.S. merchants spend a staggering amount of 30 billion per year only to distribute these junk mails and even though they realize that less than half of these mail will never be opened. To accurately target their direct mail associates the interests of the economy with other factors such as forests, solid waste agencies, Climate and also the postal customers. (Kremer, 2007)

Tips to Allocate Archive
There are a few tricks that can help you in this matter first is to avoid getting on even more archives lists by taking precaution whenever you submit your name and address to anyone. Be careful and try not to fill out any forms what so ever as in that case your address will surely be tracked. If you have filled out any such form filling out any forms membership for an organization or others, just add a phrase by the title please do not rent, sell, or trade my name or address immediately after the other information you provide.
Every time you fill out any online form of any sort, never forget to repeat the same words in order to avoid using any junk mail and advertising spam. The result will be as one should expect because when they will see that you are not interested, their sales rep will then simply flag your name from his computer.

Functionality of Archives
He continues to state that integration of communications within business allows people to communicate flawlessly in terms of their respective tasks. It further allows them to use an even more efficient method and in doing so it increases organizational productivity on one hand and diminishes the factor of time to decision.
There are many reasons why a web based environment can be considered as a delicate one since it consists of so many elements. But primarily any computer is based on two environments. Since there are different configurations for different systems as per their requirements for either home use or office use, there occur mismatches between various models and physical Hardware configuration which includes very common limitations of the environment simulator circuits evolved in WA may not perform the same way when implemented in WA, and vice-versa.

The probability factor is the one that limits the software based evolved solutions, and it also causes the prevention of solutions analysis that has evolved in an environment. There is a possibility that the owner of that number either himself became a victim of a junk mailer himself or a senseless person who was new to internet marketing and committed such a horrid mistake to provoke internet users.

Understanding the Web Archive components these days is not a rocket any more. A Personal Computer is nothing more than a combination of some cyber based software components. The thing that we are actually able to see and touch and even break if not handled properly is called the hardware.

This software configuration varies from system to system but for those who possess a desktop system, probably have most of the components identifiable in most cases. There is a majority of novices who are not aware of you with computers probably have most of the same components.

How it is done
Most of the archives are created that they can be tracked through the received lines in the headers. This is why, most of the time they attempt to conceal the headers in order to confuse matters. Although these received headers can be counterfeit as well, still it is a somewhat more difficult case than to simply counterfeit the returning address.  Also one must remember that most of the incoming emails that include the junk emails have a total of just two received lines in the headers.

The first one is generated by the ISPs incoming mail machine while the other one is generated through the outgoing server which indicates the originating IP. This should be enough to caution any internet user when he receives any such mail as most of these junk mails have an additional header

Conclusion
As we have discussed the issue of web based archive in this report and have tried to find out just what exactly causes these mails to reach our inboxes in the first place and how can we get rid of them. There are other quality services offering their specially designed soft wares only to protect your email box from these junk mails but they come for a hefty amount of money.

The actual search engines such msn, yahoo and others have a hard time to deal with these web based archive as they are getting efficient with each passing day. Still you can try a few tips that were mentioned above especially in the case of a junk mail having a free toll number. If you are too annoyed which is a high possibility then you can call that number and just tell them for once that they must stop sending these mails to you as they hold no purpose.

Los Angeles, L.A, or The City of Angels, as it is fondly referred to, represents many things rolled into one.  It is an economic powerhouse and business center, a renowned hub for entertainment, culture, media, education, tourism, technology, sports and international trade. On the other hand the city is unofficially known as the Gang Capital of the Nation due to its being home to more than a thousand organized gangs that rule its underworld.

The history of the modern city of Los Angeles can be traced back to the mid 18th century when a Spanish explorer named Gaspar de Portol, together with a Franciscan missionary, Juan Cresp, arrived at this location and noted that it could be developed for habitation. This early settlement would later grow in leaps and bounds to become a town of significance. This history has been preserved through the historic area of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza (Estrada 43) as well as Olvera Street. In addition, there are several landmarks in Los Angeles that are attractions to visitors. These include among many others the world famous Hollywood sign and the Walt Disney concert hall. Los Angeles is today a multi-ethnic city that has enjoyed its share of benefits as well as faced the challenges that come with such demographics. The 1992 Los Angeles riots were the culmination of the racial tensions triggered by the Rodney King controversy. In the later decades of the 20th century, the city also saw a proliferation of gang activities, such as violent crime and drug deals.
This brief description of the vast city does not reflect the full picture of Los Angles.  One would need to live in it to truly appreciate the city.    I came to this conclusion after conducting several interviews with the residents of Los Angeles.  What I got from the interviews totally embarrassed me.  I did not know it was possible to have such a diverse set of emotions and views concerning one and the same thing, even if it is a city.  The opinions are as diverse as the city residents themselves.

Interviews

1.  Anthony Michael

Anthony Michael works as a housekeeper in the campus.  We met one evening while he took a break from his work and I was unsuccessfully racking my brain on how I was going to get someone to speak to me about the 1992 Rodney King riots.

ME  It is very kind of you to grant me a moment of your attention for this interview.  Please share with me your view of Los Angeles

Anthony Michaels (AM)  This is my home.  My family has lived here for the past one hundred and twenty years.  I love the sounds of LA and would not want to exchange them for any other city.  LA has a soul that can not be found in any other city.

ME  What do you remember of the 1992 LA riots and do you think anything was learned as a result of the riots

AM  You see, for me the LA riots were very personal. Rodney King is actually my first cousin.  Not many people know this since our families do not talk much anymore.  On the day the riots broke out I knew something was going to happen.  You see, there is no way they were going to find the cops guilty.  It is just the way it is in America when it comes to us blacks.  You also need to understand, this was not about Rodney King but more about Latasha Harlins.  When a black man kills, they lock him up and throw away the keys, when a white man kills, he gets a smack on the back.  Since when do you get probation for murder

ME  Does this mean you agree with what happened during the riots  the attack on Reginald Danny the white truck driver and Fidel Lopez the self employed immigrant construction worker

AM  Understand this, I do not condone violence nor support hooliganism.  However, when people feel that there is one law for them and another for the rest, you have to appreciate the frustration.  I am a graduate who works as junior house keeper.  I have a family to take care of.  Tell me which white boy graduate works as a junior house keeper  It was wrong to beat up those two men but understand unless the employment situation improves what happened will definitely happen again.  In black communities, we need to be given an opportunity to succeed.  Social facilities must be easily available in the black community.  If you bother to check history, there is always a major riot in LA every ten years and nothing ever changes.  Mark my words, another riot will come and this time it will be worse than all others combined.  Remember the population of Hispanic and blacks is rising faster than all other group and similarly unemployment is rising in the same rate.  Any how, I would love to sit and chat but I must go back to work.  See you around.

ME  Thanks and sure, see you around.

2.  Philip Jackson

Philip Jackson is an LAPD officer at the 77th Street Community Station. He has lived and worked in South Central all his life and claims that to him there is no better place to work than among his own.  He leads the local initiative to make a difference in the society through mentorship and coaching of children.

ME  Being a police officer you have had an opportunity to see a lot of Los Angeles than most people would see.  What is your most favorite place

Philip Jackson (PJ)  My most favorite place is Los Angels Southwest College.  It is not only because I am an alumnus of the college, but also for the important role it is playing in giving young men and women a chance at success in life.  For a long time South Central LA did not have learning institutions that would offer blacks an escape route out of drugs and violence until the College was started back in 1965 in the aftermath of the Watts riots.  Unfortunately, the powers that be do not seem to appreciate its contribution to society.  Its budget allocation is so minimal considering the impact it has on society.

Me  If you had a chance to meet with Mayor James Hahn, what issue would your want him to urgently address

PJ  The South West College is the one issue I believe the city of Los Angeles is burying its head in the sand when it comes to dealing with.  Looking back at history, should the college be allowed to collapse, Los Angeles will be inviting greater problems than it would care to handle.  As a result of the college, the number of black and of late Hispanic kids with a college diploma and by extension a chance at life has increased.  Looking at the crime statistics at the station, violent crimes have been on the decline for the last decade.  This is as a result of the campaign by the community to ensure all children have a chance at an education.

ME  If you were to spend 1 billion dollars from the Getty fortune, what would you do with it

PJ  Firstly, I would offer the South West Community College the facilities it so desperately requires in order for it to be competitive in offering quality education.  Even a Community College needs to have cutting edge technology for its students.  Secondly, I would revamp and improve the facilities available to schools in South Central LA.  To me education is the only vehicle the kids have if they are to improve their lives and the escape the vicious cycle of poverty that they are born to.  I would make sure all the community centers are properly equipped so that children have a reason to occupy their free time doing something constructive.  You have to understand, gangs are exciting and alluring since they have money.  If we can show our kids there is all they need in school and the community centers, the gangs will have a much harder time recruiting from the streets.  Sorry I need to go.  Duty calls.  It has been a pleasure talking to you.

ME  The pleasure has been mine and thank you for your time.  Stay safe out there.

3.  Annette Sanders

Annette Sanders is a drama school tutor and a budding actor.  She moved to Los Angeles from rural Wyoming ten years ago in search of opportunities that abound in Hollywood and has had her fair share of ups and downs of Los Angeles.

ME  According to you what are the problems of Los Angeles

Annette Sanders (AS)  Los Angeles definitely has myriad problems.  Only last month our Mayor declared LA the capital of homelessness in America.  With the shrinking economy and collapse of the financial
markets, the number of homeless has astronomically increased.  They will be found all over the packs, streets, in the subway and of late even at our home door steps.  In the same breadth, another major problem of Los Angeles is traffic.  Sure Los Angeles is made for drivers but wait until you have to do the driving, then and only then do you realize the roads are not driver friendly.  The traffic is crazy.  I believe this is the only city in the world where there are traffic snarl-ups even at night.

ME  Is there anything good about Los Angeles or is life terrible

AS  Just because I mourn about LA does not mean I would want to be anywhere else but here.  This is Los Angeles the City of Brotherly Love.  This is the city where you find great food, scenery, history, art and people.  It is the city of stars.  In Los Angeles the chance of meeting your favorite stars are very high.  This is a city where people dream huge and fall hard and get up to try again.  This is a city where things change so fast, you come from lunch you find life is not where you left it.  Los Angeles is a city obsessed with new.  It is a city that has been at the forefront of innovation since inception.

ME  For a first time visitor, where would you advise them to visit to truly appreciate Los Angeles

AS  Easy, Sunset Boulevard and on to the Pacific Coast highway.  You see Sunset Boulevard runs through all places that make Los Angeles what it is.  It captures the essence of Hollywood at the same time.  By continuing through to the A1 (Pacific Coast Highway), one gets to enjoy the total and true beauty of Los Angeles and by extension California State.  Sorry but I must go.  This call is from my agent informing about an audition I have to attend.

ME  Thank you for your time and do have a successful audition.

Conclusion
It is clear from the interviews that Los Angeles residents are very proud of their city.  Irrespective of the circumstances they find themselves in, they are positive about their city and have concrete steps that if taken could lead to the improvement of the city of Los Angeles.  What is most reassuring is that despite the great sense of injustice felt by the minorities in Los Angeles, optimism still boils in them.

Irrespective of the class, race or profession, one thing that is common among all residents of Los Angeles is their focus on success given the opportunities available.  They also share a very deep love and commitment to their neighborhood.  From the interviews and interacting with the respondent, I have learned in Los Angeles, hope springs eternal.

Despite the circumstances, all who call Los Angeles home, have a love for the city that they can not envisage being anywhere else but in LA.  Similarly, it was enlightening to discover the effort being done by the residents of South Central Los Angeles to improve their society.  To them this is a community effort.  They have chosen not to wait for the powers that be to come to their aid.  Instead they have chosen to take the bull by the horns and tackle issues head on.  Even with the changing demographics in South Central Los Angeles, the commitment to make it a better place still drives all who call it home.

The American Revolution also referred to as the revolutionary war, was one of the most important events in the American history. Without the war, the United States of American may not have been what it is today. The process of revolution was facilitated by various events among them the French and the Indian wars. This was one of the series of wars which was fought between the British and the French as early as 1600s. The French-India war began in 1754 and was finished in 1763. The British soldiers were fighting the French soldiers and those of Native Americans. The Native American soldiers decided to defend the French soldiers due to fear that the British soldiers would invade their land. The war came to an end in the year 1759 when the British major general James Wolfe captured Quebec. The war resulted in a peace treaty of 1763 where the British got major portion of the French land in North America. The British also decided to start taxing the colonialist so that they could pay for the war (Harper, 2008).

One of the major causes of colonial discontent with the British was the navigation Act. In the early years of settlement, the colonies were ignored in England. In the first ever meeting in the Virginia assembly, the colonists were expecting the same treatment they were having in England. There was also establishment of self government by the House of Burgesses. By the year 1750, each colony had its own elected assembly. The main purpose of the Navigation Act was to enable England establish self independent empire whereby they would serve as the manufacturing nation, colonies would provide raw materials at the same time act as the market for English ready goods, and create and maintain wealth through careful control of trade (Harper, 2008).

The colonies reacted differently to this Act. Southern colonies shipped their produce to England for sale middle colonies shipped their grain to English sugar plantations in West Indies. These reactions did not favor new England colonies because they could not fit well in the trade system since they lacked crops to export, smuggled goods to other countries and gained wealth by building ships, practicing fishing, and engaging in illegal trade. These events resulted into tension between England and the colonies and also England and America (Harper, 2008).

The term mercantilism is the practice of gaining wealth through control of trade. The contribution of the British mercantilism to the American Revolution has been disputed by many historians. There are several questions which need to be tackled before deciding whether it had an effect on the revolution. One of the questions frequently asked is whether the Navigation Act slowed the growing American economy or it encouraged it through reliable market for their products. The main aim of mercantilism was to unify and boost the power of British by stringent regulation of the economy, through their policies which were meant to accumulate wealth in all sectors of the economy. The navigation act was so domineering therefore it acted as a basic cause for American Revolution.

No taxation without representation was a slogan which was coined by the British colonist between the years 1763-1776. It was a way of airing their grievances that without direct representation in the British parliament they were denied their rights as Englishmen and therefore laws allowing taxation of the colonist and other laws which were affecting the colonist alone were illegal. The parliament was regulating colonial trade and collecting taxes from the imports and exports and this resulted in denying the Americans their historic rights. Resolutions were made in Virginia which implied that Americans should be treated equally as Englishmen and the slogan became part of the British laws (Harper, 2008).

The theory of virtual representation was not favored by the British. It was fully rejected by the colonies which described it as a cover for political corruption and could not match with their republic belief that the government gets its fair powers from the ideas of the people.

Virtually all the above discussed factors contributed to the American Revolution. The British government reacted to the Boston tea party by enacting four laws which were later described by the colonies as the intolerable acts.  The acts allowed the British to close the Boston harbor, forced the Boston people to pay for the lost tea and also the taxes, Massachusetts elected government was also replaced by the council members appointed by the king. Governor got the powers to control public meetings, justice laws were also changed with the people charged with violent crimes being charged in England. Quartering act was widened with the British soldiers being accommodated in private homes. Colonies claim to land was later thwarted through extension of Quebec act.

Slavery is the hulking monster pushing its way through the narrative of Frederick Douglasss young life. It is neither sentimentalized nor sensationalized, slavery is presented as an institution of violence and hatred that infected the living nightmares that characterized Douglass and many other slaves lives throughout its long tenure in American history. Such a monster, driven, justified, and exercised through physical, mental and sexual violence, cannot pass through an individuals life without taking casualties. Slavery strips and subverts all notions of humanity from the individuals who bear the brunt of its whip, Douglasss escape and ability to tell his own story is both amazing and telling. Though he escaped the brutality and violence at the center of his first eighteen years of life, Douglass carries the scars of the kind of  soul murder  (128) explained by Nell Painter in her essay on the human toll of slavery. Douglasss story shows himself as others as part of this same human toll, sharing and relating the experiences of violence that were routine in his and other slaves lives. In his description of the abuses heaped upon him, both physically and mentally, and others such as his Aunt Hester show the range of justifications and roles violence played in the maintenance of the institution of slavery.

It would be wrong to say that Douglass was broken or spiritually murdered by slavery. On the contrary, his experiences empowered and pushed him to seek a life outside of  the violence of his life as a slave. However, it would be equally wrong to think him untouched. Douglass may have run to freedom but the free man who emerged was not the same man he would have otherwise been had he not encountered the crushing weight  of slavery. The violence he describes, shows a variety of forces at work to produce the same end - to reinforce and justify the notions of slavery in the minds of the slaveholders and their peers while also purposely committing  soul murder  of enslaved blacks. Slaveowners did not want slaves such as Douglass, whose soul is irreparably wounded but still strong. Violence is a way to break people, with Douglass calling it the  soul killing effects of slavery  (Narrative 48). He describes the sound of the slaves singing on the road to the Great House Farm,  they were tones loud, long, and deep they breathed the prayer and complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest of anguish  (47). The interpretation of this anguish by whites Douglass encountered in the North of this singing as  evidence of their contentment and happiness  (48) is both utterly unimaginable to Douglass while also showing how the manifest affects of violence were misread and misunderstood by blacks who were only ever able to find a voice in song.

The act of singing and Douglass explanation of how it is a vocalization of sorrow rather than happiness, shows that the scars left by the whip and strips of cowhide employed by masters and their wives were not simply skin deep. Nor was it just physical abuse, the violence that played such an integral part in slavery was at a deeper level of mental and social awareness. Viewed as commodities and not people, they were treated in a manner that reinforced this view. Like the Lowell Mill girls who strike due to the increasingly dehumanizing policies of the mill owners (Robinson), slaves were viewed for how they could enrich the wealth and reputation of their master. The ultimate goal of a slaveowner, given Douglasss story would be to produce an uncomplaining and willing herd of cattle from a group of individual humans. Women were for breeding, as Douglass describes when living with Mr. Covey who buys a slave woman for the sole purpose of creating his own herd of slaves (Narrative 76). In Covey and others like hims views, even basic moralities do not apply to slaves because to father the slave woman, Carolines children, Covey hires a married man. Had she been viewed as a human being and woman and not as a way to increase his wealth, or more importantly had she been white, she would not have suffered such violence against her spirit.

However, violence against the woman among the slaves seems harsher and tainted with undertones absent from the violence against men. Men, women, children are all seen as possessions. What drives this view in the case of men is the feeling of increased wealth. For children it is the potential of increased wealth as they grow and are able to take on heavier and heavier tasks. For women, they are both potential and increased wealth in one.  A healthy young woman cannot only work in the fields, she can bear children to work in the fields. Lastly, and as shown in the case of Douglasss Aunt Hester, women could be abused as objects of pleasure. Just as in their roles as workers and breeders, women who were sexually abused were seen as possessions based on their masters desire. That the master is viewed as blameless and within his rights, in the context of his society, is obvious. She is to blame for her sexuality, the masters attraction, and her failure to honor this attraction. As Hurtado notes, perpetrators of rape  often believe that their prey is especially blameworthy  (11). In this case, Aunt Hesters biggest offense isnt disobeying Colonel Lloyd but instead being caught with another man. Strung up and whipped until her blood  came dripping to the floor  (Douglass 43), Aunt Hester is a victim of the full range of physical, mental, and sexual abuse that is seen in pieces throughout the rest of Douglasss story.  Despite the desire she evokes, the anger she creates, Aunt Hester is still a mere possession to Colonel Lloyd. She is not a woman and has been denied all courtesies and customs that are socially allotted to women merely because of her race.

As Soujourner Truth pointedly notes in her 1851 address to the Womens Convention in Akron, Ohio, race subverts the niceties of gender. While her white counterparts are privy to the notion of a womans vulnerability and femininity, as a black woman she receives no such treatment (Truth). The lack of equality in the treatment between races is, of course, not limited to women. As Douglass explained in his later essay  The Meaning of the Fourth of July for a Negro,  moral inconsistencies were rife in the system of slavery. While  seventy-two crimes in the State of Virginia which, if committed by a black man (no matter how ignorant he be), subject him to the punishment of death while only two of the same crimes will subject a white man to the like punishment.  In this, the system of slavery uses their humanity as a tool for the violence enacted upon them. While they are treated as substandard, blacks were held at greater moral responsibility than the whites who did most of the damage.

Though Douglass portrays in brutal detail the physical violence visited upon him and other slaves as part of slavery, he more importantly succeeds in showing how this violence is much deeper than a sole individuals desire for power. Violence in slavery is systematized, affecting not only the slaves but also slave owners and supporters. It becomes part of a culture, that makes men like Mr. Covey with his slave-breaking business legitimate and turns people like Sophia Auld whose personality becomes poisoned by her own involvement. Douglasss narrative shows that the violence of slavery is not merely a raised whip or even murder, but a much deeper offense that becomes part of social norms and individual cultural understanding. Both the slaves and the slave owners identify themselves within this violence, one suffering and in some cases dying from the force of it while another benefits.

The intention to extend the territory form Texas to California necessitated the formation of the compromise immediately after the Mexican-American war. The Americans shared the opinion that it was Gods plan that America should extend from sea to shining sea. By 1850, the Free states had exceeded the slave states which were source of political imbalance. By now, the southerners had a feeling of insecurity since the imbalance would lead to an antislavery agenda which they were opposed to.

The compromise was generally made of five laws which focused much attention in bringing to an end a four year confrontation between the slave states in the South and the Free states in the North. The five bills in the compromise were that California was to be recognized as a free state, New Mexico and Utah be allowed to use their sovereignty, slave trade be abolished in the district of Columbia, that the Republic of Texas gave up land that it claimed in New Mexico and the fugitive slave act which was the most controversial bill in the compromise.

The Fugitive Slave Act provided that slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia. Moreover, the act provided that the fugitive slaves who had escapes to the Free states in the north were still subject to the Fugitive Slave Law. The Act further required that the northern Free states should abide by the southern laws which had legalized slavery. In particular, the Northern abolitionists hated the Fugitive Slave Act.
 
The compromise was liked and disliked in equal measures by different groups who expressed dissatisfaction with some provisions in the compromise. For instance, it was a priority for the Southerners to see that California is recognized as a free state. The southerners sought for the division of California at 35 north latitude. The Whigs like Senator Henry Clay supported the claim to land by Texas. The Northern Whigs were opposed to the compromise since they specifically were not in agreement with the new fugitive slave law which was being pushed forth by the democrats, the likes of James M. Mason the then democratic Virginia Senator. The Southern Whigs who hailed from the Border States supported the fugitive slave act while the northern democrats and the southern Whigs expressed support for the compromise.

Eventually, the five bills in the compromise were combined to an omnibus bill which failed to capture the interests of the majority. The death of President Taylor in July 9, 1850 saw the then Illinois senator gang up with his supporters to express support for the separate bills. This led to a union between the Northern democrats who later gained support from the Whigs to pass each of the bills which were signed by President Fillmore. What resulted is that, California was made to be a free state, slave trade was abolished, New Mexico and Utah were reorganized under the rule of popular sovereignty, the fugitive slave act was passed and Texas gave up much of western land of which they received 10,000,000 which they utilized to offset their national debt.

However, the signing of the compromise had some far reaching implications. For instance, the compromise is cited to have postponed the American Civil War for ten years though some opponents of the compromise have an argument that it only laid a foundation for future conflict. Contrary, to the opinion of the blacks, the Americans believe that the compromise was the only way to address the slavery question. Finally, the compromise was beneficial in that it saved the American-Mexican union from eventual break up.