Progressive movement

The faming movement that started making the major parties responsible was the populist movement. It existed in the early 1890s and it was mainly comprised of farmers from the west and south who came together with an aim of taking charge of the state so that they could use the power to protect their farms and improve their way of lives. It was formed due to dissatisfaction of the rural population that was mainly farmers with the fall of prices of their farm produce and was out to challenge the major political parties. The party needed to convince black and white farmers, small businessmen, industrial workers, and women to support them in order to gain victory over the two parties.

They went out to the poor rural population telling them that they should support them and put aside their traditional racial differences so that they could come together and challenge the influence of the corporate rich that did not care about their future but instead put their own interests at heart. They tried to convince the American public to vote for their presidential candidate but were not successful. Although they managed to bring forward stellar ideas, they became victims of free silver, an issue that did not go well with the urban poor population whose votes were very crucial. Despite the efforts they put into the campaign, they did not succeed to convince masses and therefore were doomed.

How successful was that movement
Although the movement did not succeed to take power, they were able to run a successful campaign in 1892. They managed to pull more than a million votes and elected several of their members to Congress. They also participated in the elections that followed like the 1896 one in which they had succeeded to control the Democratic Party but were not able to get the support of the populist and ended up losing the elections. This is because most of the time, the silver issue could come their way and they could not be able to prove their independence. The partys last candidate ran for the 1908 elections could only manage to secure less than 30,000 votes which effectively ended the partys short life.

Progressive Movement
This was a wide campaign for reforms in the social, economic and political structures that reached its climax in the early 20th century. The movement started after the end of Americas civil war of 1861 to 1865. It was in response to vast change that had been brought forward by industrialization and economic depression. The movement moved to cities and established settlement in slums in which they build institutions that could provide various services to the community. The movement was headed by activists like Lillian Ward of New York City, Addams Jane of Chicago and many others. They attacked corruption in the local government and opposed the government policies of noninterference that gave way to business monopolies.

This movement was an effort to look for a solution to the many ills that had taken root in the American society. It came to exist as part of a second reform because there had been previous attempts to bring reforms by the farmers under the umbrella of the populist part which was aimed at improving the working condition and humanize treatment of mentally handicapped but did not succeed. The progressive movement believed that it was possible to change the way society operated. It faced a lot of opposition from the rich. Their goals were to eradicate corruption from the government and do away with the undue influence it had on the political arena, they needed people to be included directly in politics and also they wanted the government to take responsibility of addressing the social problems that faced common citizens and administer fairness in matters concerning economy.

The movement became successful mainly because of the publicity that was brought about by the muckrakers and writers who managed to make people understand the negative effects of poverty, dangerous working conditions, urban slums, and child labor among a wide range of other evils. The successes of the movement became evident. From the interstate commercial act to Sherman antitrust act that were put in place. Legislation of rail road, food and drug laws were put in place and new amendments were added into the constitution that provided for new ways of electing senators, protecting the public by prohibiting and extending suffrage to women.

An example of how progressive legislation regulated the government
The movement concentrated on the city and state government in which they looked for areas where there was waste and means in which they could provide better services to the ever growing population of the city. This brought about a more structured system of governance such that power shifted from the old system in which it was centralized at the legislature and became more locally oriented system of power. These changes were made in order effectively manage the legal process, bureaucratic administration, market transactions, and democracy. They were all put under the Municipal Administration. Authority was also changed such that the one that was believed to be disorganized was replaced with the new type that was mainly comprised of professionals, bureaucrats and experts. The changes brought a more solid municipal administration as compared to the old administration that was poorly constructed and undeveloped.

Efficiency in government many of the progressives who took control were out to address the needs of people by ensuring that government operations were rational and more efficient in providing services. An example is the argument against the ten hour working day in which they used scientific data that had been compiled by social scientists which managed to bring out the high cost that was incurred when working for long hours to both the society and individuals. Although the quest for efficiency sometimes contradicted the quest for democracy in which it placed power in the hands of professional rather than politicians who were the voice of the people. Centralized decision making made local governments less corrupt. Progressives believed that professionals could be in a better position to make better decisions as compared to politicians. An example is the rise of city manager system which was run by paid professionals under guidelines from elected city councils. The numbers of officials in government were reduced and overlapping authorities removed making the government more efficient.

The precedent that personified progressive movement was President Theodore Roosevelt. He was accidentally elected to presidency and managed to be reelected as president. He was a talented man with huge appetites and a range of interests. He had admiration of many people, was feared, hated and loved. He could bore people to tears but also could make them happy. He was committed to the progressive movement such that he could use his power to ensure that Americans had a square deal. He launched a campaign to do away with monopolistic trusts, persuaded congress to pass Elkins act of 1903, he protected labor workers like when he supported striking coal miners in Pennsylvania in 1902 and pushed for environmental conservation where he set aside millions of acres for forests and passed the New Lands Act.

The movement was important to the masses of the 20th century because it was able to bring the much needed reforms in both the government and other sectors. The movement was a success because it managed to reduce corruption that had been deep rooted and made rendering of service more efficient. It changed the business sector and helped reduce monopoly.

Progressive movement

The faming movement that started making the major parties responsible was the populist movement. It existed in the early 1890s and it was mainly comprised of farmers from the west and south who came together with an aim of taking charge of the state so that they could use the power to protect their farms and improve their way of lives. It was formed due to dissatisfaction of the rural population that was mainly farmers with the fall of prices of their farm produce and was out to challenge the major political parties. The party needed to convince black and white farmers, small businessmen, industrial workers, and women to support them in order to gain victory over the two parties.

They went out to the poor rural population telling them that they should support them and put aside their traditional racial differences so that they could come together and challenge the influence of the corporate rich that did not care about their future but instead put their own interests at heart. They tried to convince the American public to vote for their presidential candidate but were not successful. Although they managed to bring forward stellar ideas, they became victims of free silver, an issue that did not go well with the urban poor population whose votes were very crucial. Despite the efforts they put into the campaign, they did not succeed to convince masses and therefore were doomed.

How successful was that movement
Although the movement did not succeed to take power, they were able to run a successful campaign in 1892. They managed to pull more than a million votes and elected several of their members to Congress. They also participated in the elections that followed like the 1896 one in which they had succeeded to control the Democratic Party but were not able to get the support of the populist and ended up losing the elections. This is because most of the time, the silver issue could come their way and they could not be able to prove their independence. The partys last candidate ran for the 1908 elections could only manage to secure less than 30,000 votes which effectively ended the partys short life.

Progressive Movement
This was a wide campaign for reforms in the social, economic and political structures that reached its climax in the early 20th century. The movement started after the end of Americas civil war of 1861 to 1865. It was in response to vast change that had been brought forward by industrialization and economic depression. The movement moved to cities and established settlement in slums in which they build institutions that could provide various services to the community. The movement was headed by activists like Lillian Ward of New York City, Addams Jane of Chicago and many others. They attacked corruption in the local government and opposed the government policies of noninterference that gave way to business monopolies.

This movement was an effort to look for a solution to the many ills that had taken root in the American society. It came to exist as part of a second reform because there had been previous attempts to bring reforms by the farmers under the umbrella of the populist part which was aimed at improving the working condition and humanize treatment of mentally handicapped but did not succeed. The progressive movement believed that it was possible to change the way society operated. It faced a lot of opposition from the rich. Their goals were to eradicate corruption from the government and do away with the undue influence it had on the political arena, they needed people to be included directly in politics and also they wanted the government to take responsibility of addressing the social problems that faced common citizens and administer fairness in matters concerning economy.

The movement became successful mainly because of the publicity that was brought about by the muckrakers and writers who managed to make people understand the negative effects of poverty, dangerous working conditions, urban slums, and child labor among a wide range of other evils. The successes of the movement became evident. From the interstate commercial act to Sherman antitrust act that were put in place. Legislation of rail road, food and drug laws were put in place and new amendments were added into the constitution that provided for new ways of electing senators, protecting the public by prohibiting and extending suffrage to women.

An example of how progressive legislation regulated the government
The movement concentrated on the city and state government in which they looked for areas where there was waste and means in which they could provide better services to the ever growing population of the city. This brought about a more structured system of governance such that power shifted from the old system in which it was centralized at the legislature and became more locally oriented system of power. These changes were made in order effectively manage the legal process, bureaucratic administration, market transactions, and democracy. They were all put under the Municipal Administration. Authority was also changed such that the one that was believed to be disorganized was replaced with the new type that was mainly comprised of professionals, bureaucrats and experts. The changes brought a more solid municipal administration as compared to the old administration that was poorly constructed and undeveloped.

Efficiency in government many of the progressives who took control were out to address the needs of people by ensuring that government operations were rational and more efficient in providing services. An example is the argument against the ten hour working day in which they used scientific data that had been compiled by social scientists which managed to bring out the high cost that was incurred when working for long hours to both the society and individuals. Although the quest for efficiency sometimes contradicted the quest for democracy in which it placed power in the hands of professional rather than politicians who were the voice of the people. Centralized decision making made local governments less corrupt. Progressives believed that professionals could be in a better position to make better decisions as compared to politicians. An example is the rise of city manager system which was run by paid professionals under guidelines from elected city councils. The numbers of officials in government were reduced and overlapping authorities removed making the government more efficient.

The precedent that personified progressive movement was President Theodore Roosevelt. He was accidentally elected to presidency and managed to be reelected as president. He was a talented man with huge appetites and a range of interests. He had admiration of many people, was feared, hated and loved. He could bore people to tears but also could make them happy. He was committed to the progressive movement such that he could use his power to ensure that Americans had a square deal. He launched a campaign to do away with monopolistic trusts, persuaded congress to pass Elkins act of 1903, he protected labor workers like when he supported striking coal miners in Pennsylvania in 1902 and pushed for environmental conservation where he set aside millions of acres for forests and passed the New Lands Act.

The movement was important to the masses of the 20th century because it was able to bring the much needed reforms in both the government and other sectors. The movement was a success because it managed to reduce corruption that had been deep rooted and made rendering of service more efficient. It changed the business sector and helped reduce monopoly.

RE DISPLEASURE WITH EDMOND ANDROS PLANNED LAND POLICIES

As a merchant dealing in land in Boston, I am deeply troubled by Edmond Andros - the Dominion of New Englands heads - new policies on land whereby land speculation is prohibited (Lewis, 1974). I should note that before the 3rd July 1686 new leaders inauguration as head, local commerce in Boston - that is mainly supported by land business - was thriving. The planned draconian measures will thus greatly harm local business on which many Bostonians depend for sustenance. I should say that the land business is already hurting after news of the anticipated regulations broke out. This is because people are exhibiting a general lethargy towards dealing in land. Andros projected measures are thus an unnecessary meddling in Bostonian commerce.

To trace Andros controversial history as Dominion of New England head, I should say that he started erring when he tried to combine Englands autonomous colonies into one dominion. Andros did not consider the general sentiments among New England colonists who do not favor the consolidation of their security to fight the Indians and the French. It is therefore clear that Andros did not mind the welfare of the locals rather, he wanted to advance his personal misguided agendas. Some of such plans include the controversial arrangement to ban land speculation.

All patriots should thus unite in rejecting Andros harmful meddling in Bostonian affairs, especially with regard to his projected initiatives to ban land speculation. I should mention that Andros has exhibited a preposterous stance by seeking to annul the systems he found in existence in Boston.

Yours faithfully,

James Stewart.
Boston

Operation Desert Storm Clausewitz Analysis

The ability of states to engage and participate in conflict corresponds to pursuing their interests. It corresponds to the clash on objectives and goals that in turn fosters new dynamics related towards engagement and determination of appropriate response over contrasting views among parties. These elements in turn generate the responsiveness and impact that each party derives from the process. Utilizing Clausewitz view on the situation provided by Operation Desert Storm, it can be seen that its analysis corresponds to (1) nature of the conflict, (2) the value of interests, and (3) the dynamics surrounding its scope and relative experience brought by the war.

Nature of the Conflict
Assessing the conflict that happened in Operation Desert Storm, it can be seen that it connotes the struggle between parties over control of land and territory. Under this process, we can see that the Iraqi government under Saddam Hussein claims control over Kuwait and thus invades and occupies the location (The National Security Archive, 2001). However, the U.S. coalition and the United Nations saw this invasion as a direct violation of Kuwaits sovereignty and fostered an appropriate response towards the issue. The end result of this dynamic then corresponds to the escalation of war with the primary objective of driving away the Iraqi forces out of Kuwait (The National Security Archive, 2001).

Assessing the reality and nature of the conflict according to Clausewitz view, it can be argued that the interaction between competing parties illustrate the dynamics and nature of the war. In here, it can be seen that the constant interplay of campaigns, operations, and human interactions in order to convey an end-result. That is why, this view of Clausewitz points out the nature of war as a social intercourse between conflicting parties (Clausewitz, 1976). In particular, Bassford (2008) argues that It is a wrestling matcha contest between independent wills, in which skill and creativity are no more important than personality, chance, emotion, and the various dynamics that characterize any human interaction (p.1). Seeing this, the responses showcased by members of both the Iraqi and U.S. coalition exhibits this kind of principle and facet. This can particularly be seen in the manner they conduct operations to the capacity to interact and communicate during the conflict.

Value of Interests
Reflecting on the nature of the conflict between Iraq and U.S. coalition forces, Operation Desert Storm was indeed a manifestation of collaborative efforts from different groups on how to approach the conflict from the military perspective to the diplomaticpolitical interactions (National Security Archive, 2001). Seeing this, the conflict can then be analyzed from the viewpoint of interests and portrayal of differing levels of national policy and political issues shaping actors engaged in the war. This element in turn consolidates the particular response initiated by members of each party and thus shapes the outcome of the war and conflict. At the same time, the scenarios highlighted in Operation Desert Storm provide inputs on as to how interests also capitalize the direction and how the scope of war can be played out by these interests accordingly. In essence, this serves as an important determinant in identifying the roles that leaders and soldiers do play prior, during, and after the conflict has occurred.

Relating this to the idea provided by Clausewitz, it can be seen that he argues on the importance of politics and policy in related to the process of conducting war. Here, it can be seen that he sees the importance of these two processes because they not only facilitate crucial decision making over these issues, it also brings about the capacity to justify decision making in the occurrence of war regardless of how violent or the manner it was executed accordingly (Bassford, 2008). It is through such ability that the development of war coincided with the interplay of politics and policies as it diversified the level of its scope and application depending on the realm of interests and objectives.

Scope and Experiences
Lastly, the scope and experiences provided by Operation Desert Storm was indeed relevant for both the winning party (U.S. coalition) and that of the Iraqi forces. It can be seen that the nature of the conflict only revolved around removing Iraq from Kuwaiti boundaries and maintain peace and order within the process (The National Security Archive, 2001). Recognizing these changes, the elements then of experiences of war came to be seen mainly during the liberation of Kuwait and provided the scope of military activities directly or indirectly connected to these objectives.

Assessing Clausewitz analysis of this perspective, the aspect of having a particular end-goal in any conflict would only prove to be limited because of the capacity to adjust accordingly in any given situation. Here, it is necessary to point out that operating on decisions should circumvent on both short and long term objectives accordingly. Here, Bassford (2008) argues that Clausewitz saw both history and policy in the long run, and he pointed out that strategic decisions are seldom final they can often be reversed in another round of struggle (p.1).In essence, the depiction of defining then the scope of how Desert Storm should commence can be attributed to a leaders capabilities to determine the course of the operation. It is in here that they try to exercise rationality and promote the value of exercising competency corresponding the implications and challenges related to violence (Clausewitz, 1976).

To conclude, analyzing Operation Desert Storm using Clausewitz perspective connote a deeper conceptualization about the relevance of interests, nature of the conflict, and experiences during the whole situation. Here, it takes into account his perspectives on how the interplay of relations corresponds to important decision making during the course of the war. At the same time, deriving the usefulness of policy and politics in this determination also promotes greater view and appreciation of the perspectives of conflicting parties. It is through such ability to denote each aspect of Clausewitz themes with Operation Desert Storm it puts forward specific ideas on how the value of war should be understood and the determinants shaping its decisions, prospects and goals.

An Assessment of the Immigration Predicament

The practice of taking steps to move towards an alien country in order to live in such alien country is immigration.  The practice of departing from ones country to stay in another is known as emigration.  A number of people find it extremely hard to depart from their own countries and live in an alien country, nevertheless, an immeasurable number of people have done so.  The most profound and wide-reaching immigration took place from the early 1800s to the Great Depression, the fiscal complex times of the 1930s.  During such epoch, about 60 million inhabitants travelled to a new land (Bryant, 2010).  A lot of the inhabitants came from Europe and more than half immigrated to the United States whilst several others emigrated to Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.  The chief receiving state for immigrants and refugees in the globe has long been the United States.  The country has had four key interludes of immigration (Bryant, 2010).  The first wave began in what is now the United States with the colonists of the 1600s and reached a peak just before the Revolutionary War broke out in 1775.  The second major flow of immigrants started in the 1820s and lasted until a depression in the early 1870s.  The greatest in pouring of people took place from the 1880s to the early 1920s.  The foremost motive for immigration has constantly been financial prospect, the bait of a better territory or a better employment.  For instance, during the 1800s, the moneyed prairie land of the United States fascinated many European planters (Bryant, 2010).  Now, how was the issue of immigration addressed or resolved in the year 1800s  Since the most number of immigrants during the year 1800s came from China, the United States authorities sternly restricted immigration from China to the United States from 1882 to 1943.  This ruling resulted from an alarm over the huge number of Chinese who had come to the United States in reaction to the need for low-cost labour, mainly for construction of the transcontinental railroad.  Rivalry with American labourers and a mounting nativism brought demands for restrictive action, which commenced with the Act of May 6, 1882 (22 Stat. 58).

Passed by the 47th Congress, this law suspended immigration of Chinese labourers for ten years permitted those Chinese in the United States as of November 17, 1880, to stay, travel abroad, and return prohibited the naturalization of Chinese and created the Section 6 exempt status for teachers, students, merchants, and travellers.  The excepted groups would be permitted entry to the United States only upon showing of an official document from the Chinese government (The National Archives, n.d.).  The succeeding momentous exclusionary regulation was the Act to Prohibit the Coming of Chinese Persons into the United States of May 1892 (27 Stat. 25) which is also known as the Geary Act.  This Act authorized Chinese workers to move to China and re-enter the United States but its stipulations were otherwise more restricted than earlier immigration decrees. This law obliged Chinese immigrants to register and get hold of a certificate as evidence of their right to be in the United States.  Detention or extradition was the punishment for those who did not possess the necessary entry permits or witnesses (The National Archives, n.d.).

The Immigration Predicament of the Contemporary Time
In the 21st century, a couple of difficulties are apparently front and middle on the immigration sphere and these are safety concerns ensuing from the incidents of September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, and wide-ranging US immigration reform.  The latter entails fulfilling safety and protection concerns about illegal immigration, avoiding future illegal immigration to the fullest level attainable, and presenting enough legal means for needed immigrants (close family members and workers) to come into the United States.  Both challenges stand to reshape the impact of immigration on the United States in the next two decades (Jernegan, 2005).  Now, how was the issue of immigration addressed or resolved in the 21st century considering the many recent challenges that abound  To start with, it is imperative to point out that no other current incident which is connected to migration policy that has captured the interest of the American people with the same exigency as the assaults of September 11, 2001.  The risk to US national security created by terror campaign prompted, in 2002, the foundation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which combined 22 federal agencies and eliminated the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).  In its place, the DHS division of US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) handles immigrant visa petitions, naturalization applications, and asylum and refugee applications.  The Customs and Border Protection (CBP) division is in charge with managing the admission of all persons and commodities at all ports of entry (Jernegan, 2005).  The terrorist attacks also channelled the passage of comprehensive and significant enforcement laws with consequences not only for alleged terrorists, but for immigrants already in the US and all individuals aspiring to enter the state.  The most famous among these laws has been the USA Patriot Act, which was signed in October 2001 by President George W. Bush.  The objective of the Act is to prevent terrorism in the US and worldwide through improved law enforcement and a concentrated effort on rebel money laundering (Jernegan, 2005).  The Act also expands law enforcement powers to search, monitor, detain, and deport suspected terrorists, strengthens border enforcement (especially along the Canadian border), and allows for the detention of foreign nationals for up to seven days while the government decides whether or not to file criminal or immigration charges.  The Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 is another example of a law that aims to fight terrorism that had consequences on immigrants.  This law stiffens visa screening, border inspections, and tracking of foreigners (Jernegan, 2005).  It is comprehensible from the details just examined that the present immigration issues provided different challenges from those immigration issues in the late 1800s which is why the solutions adopted are obviously dissimilar and ground-breaking.

Americas Alcohol Prohibition

Many countries of the world have long battled with the problem of drug abuse. While there are many drugs that are abused the world over, there are those that are classified as narcotics. These drugs, when used usually in most cases cause health problems like seizures. In many countries, narcotics are illegal and if caught with a narcotic one can face serious legal implications. Alcohol does not fall under the category of narcotics. However, it is also a drug which if used in excess can have serious health implications. The focus of this paper is a period in time when America prohibited consumption of alcohol. The discussion seeks to find out if there were any effects that the legislation had and if so, were the effects positive or negative

The Americas Alcohol Prohibition commonly referred to as the Noble Experiment was the period when the manufacture, sale, consumption and transportation of alcohol in America were banned. This was done in accordance with the provision of the Eighteenth Amendment of the constitution. This was between the years 1920 and 1933.

What Triggered the Prohibition
Prior to the enactment of the Alcohol Prohibition Act, popularly known as the Volstead Act, crime was very rampant in America. Corruption was also on the rise and the people of America were experiencing massive social problems. They had to contend with the overwhelming taxes that they had to pay to maintain prisons which were now overcrowded by the many people who found guilty of various crimes. In addition, basic social amenities like hygiene and health care system were in a total mess. The ban of alcohol in America was thus aimed at reducing all the problems that America was going through. Unfortunately, as we shall see later in the discussion, the prohibition did not achieve the purpose for which it was intended.

Many books were written on the dangers of alcohol as a way of convincing people to refrain from drinking alcohol. Students in schools at the time would be shown demonstrations of a sample brain that would be immersed in a jar full of alcohol, and they would watch the sample brain change color. This was meant to scare the young people not to indulge in alcohol drinking. Most of the books that were written at the time regarding alcohol had exaggerated messages which did not seem to go down well with those who were opposed to passing of this legislation.

Initially when the Act came to force, consumption of alcohol reduced drastically and there was significant drop in the number of crimes that were committed. However, within a short period of time, the consumption rates went up yet again and the rate of crime was very high. It was now more organized and the society became more dangerous a place to live in. Officials in public offices became very corrupt. The judiciary and the other law enforcement agencies could no longer be able to contain the situation that was now getting out of hand. The law enforcement agencies felt overburdened in attempting to enforce a law that was opposed by the majority of citizens in the country. It now became a cat and mouse kind of game between the law enforcers and the citizens who were determined to consume alcohol at all costs.

The Prohibition Act did not achieve the purpose for which it was enacted to the disappointment of those who proposed and supported the law. There are many reasons as to why this piece of legislation did not have much positive effect as initially intended. The first thing that proponents of this law did not give much consideration is that by banning the manufacture, sale, consumption and transportation of alcohol, they were in essence reducing the amount of revenue that the federal government was due to receive from the sale of alcohol. In essence therefore, during this period when alcohol was banned in the country, the federal government suffered great losses as there was a drastic drop in the amount of revenue that was received. This is just but one of the many failures that was witnessed as a result of enactment of this Act.

Effects of Prohibition
As already mentioned, there were quite a number of effects that came with the enactment of this legislation. It is unfortunate however, to note that virtually all of the effects were negative. It thus portrays this piece of legislation as a failed law. During prohibition, the number of places that sold alcohol increased. Since many of the businesses were being conducted in secrecy, the number of places increased and thus the initial purpose of Act was defeated. In addition, those who supported the prohibition of alcohol consumption did not have proper mechanisms to control the prohibition. It thus reached a point where they felt overwhelmed in terms of ensuring that the law was fully enforced. Perhaps the only positive effect of this law was that more people began drinking legitimate and authorized alcohol. This is because getting alcohol was difficult at the time. People therefore preferred to buy medicinal alcohol, or medicines that contained high percentages of alcohol. As a result, there was less consumption of substandard alcohols.

The main aim of the prohibiting Act was to make people to switch from consuming alcoholic products into dairy products and other basic essentials in life. It came as a rude shock for the prohibitionists to note that this did not happen. Instead, the consumption of alcohol went up as people seemed willing to take alcohol despite the increase in prices that were meant to discourage people from consuming.

Health Impacts
One of the winning proves as advanced by prohibitionists is that during the era of prohibition, the number of deaths that occurred as a result of alcohol went down. However, the health care system of Americans and the hygiene standards still deteriorated with not a sign of improvement as earlier anticipated. In essence, the Act did not contribute much in terms of preserving health of Americans. This legislation created disrespect for the law in that since it failed in achieving the very purpose for which it was enacted people felt that perhaps all others laws were equally going to fail. It thus brought lack of respect for the laws.

In terms of crime reduction, this legislation equally failed. There were high expectations especially from the proponents of this law that the enactment would help reduce the rate of crime.  To the disappointment of many, the rate of crime went up by up to ten percent. The hope of many prohibitionists was that by making it illegal to consume alcohol, less people would commit crimes, thus less people would be arrested and less people will be put in prisons. Consequently, the burden of the taxpayers would be reduced drastically. This however remained just that. Hope for better things to come which never came to be.

In terms of corruption, the rate of impunity among public officials went up. Unknown to the proponents of this law, prohibition of alcohol consumption became a great source of corruption. Bribes exchanged hands as high ranking people in the government gave money in exchange of getting alcohol. Recently conducted research indicates that corruption in America had never been rife as it was during the enforcement of the legislation. Organized crime during this period became rampant among public officials. What would happen is that when alcohol was being transported to government hospitals to be used as medicine, some corrupt officials would collaborate with some gangs of people and have the alcohol smuggled and people would end up having it.

It was only after the failures of the legislation outweighed the benefits that it was repealed making it legal to manufacture, sell, consume and, transport and distributed alcohol in America. The repeal of this law saw many improvements in the lives of Americans. The crime went down and in particular organized crime reduced at a significant rate. While prohibition was meant to boost to greater heights the economy of the country, it did the exact opposite. The economy was ailing during the era of prohibition. As already mentioned, the government lost huge revenues as the consumption of alcohol was low at the time. It is also evident that prohibition forced people to go into alternative form of drugs which were more dangerous and harmful.

In conclusion, the Prohibition Act failed miserably in achieving its intended purpose. In addition, it led to a chain of other uncalled for problems which the Americans did not have to put up with. The very problems that the Act was supposed to solve doubled while making the life of Americans worse. There are a couple of lessons that America as a state and the world at large has learnt from the experiences of the Prohibition Act. It is not a good show for any government to enact law which ends up failing. The reason for this is that the people will no longer have faith in the government and will also disrespect the other laws.

It is rather obvious that some prohibitionists were aware that imposing the ban would bring more harm than good to the people of America. For example, it was only natural that the government would lose out big time if the sale of alcohol was banned as quite a high amount of revenue would be lost. However, most abolitionists gave a blind eye to such thoughts and opinions. The movement of bootleggers that was illegal only came to be only after this Act was enacted. This goes to show that much damage can be associated with this particular legislation. Some of the organized crime groups that mushroomed would not have if the Act never came into being.

Entertainment the Great Depression

The great depression before the start of the Second World War was the greatest economic crisis that hit the western economies in the 20th century. The economic crisis started in 1929 and was evident in some countries in the early 1940s. The great depression had far reaching impacts on the economic prosperity and optimism held by the Americans. The United States had emerged as a powerful nation economically after the First World War and experienced numerous economic developments in the roaring twenties. However, the crash of the stock markets in the late 1929 signified the official start of the greatest economic crisis in the 20th century. The plummeting of the prices in the stock market resulted into panic and the public lost hope on the recovery of the economy. However, entertainment played an important role in diverting the attitude of the Americans as well as boosting their morale. Eventually, the Americans regained hope towards the end of the 1930s and opened a new decade with a new spirit.

Effects of the great depression on the public
The impact of the great depression was felt by all the economies of the world. The public around the world was affected by the economic crisis in various ways. Every part of the globe experienced economic and social problems of varying magnitude due to the reduced demand for consumer goods all over the world. During the great depression, the Americans only exported or imported the basic commodities such as food. Generally, the consumers buying power was inexistent which further reduced the profits accrued by the businessmen.

The immediate impact of the great depression in America was increased level of unemployment as more and more businesses and production units closed down due to reduced demand for consumer goods. Business started cutting down on their working hours followed by reducing the number of workers and eventually closing down.  The lending institutions were not in a position to give loans to the business and the government had no abilities to assist the collapsing businesses in paying their debts. Eventually, the government, the businesses as well as the general public were left in the cold. Many of the families found themselves on the streets since they could not afford their expenses, parents abandoned their children, families broke down and poverty was very evident in the American society. There were many people around the world dying of diseases and hunger. The morale of the public and the desire to live was no longer present in the American public. The citizens lost their faith on the ability of the government because they expected that the central government could be able to care for them. There were no programs that the government had put in place to reverse the situation. Despite the negative effects of the great depression, the public learnt some lessons such as the need to manage what they have well. Moreover, the challenges of the great depression led to the emergency of imaginative and inventive generations in the United States.

Role of Entertainment in the Great Depression
Despite the many challenges experienced by the Americans during the great depression, they still had time to have fun. There were various forms of entertainment which included music, films, listening to the radio and games. The American public enjoyed music of a variety of genres during the great depression. The most popular and common genres among the Americans were Jazz music and big band. Duke Ellington is the most celebrated artist of the 1930s. He played almost all the genres of the time including jazz, gospel and blues among others. His music such as it dont mean a thing gained popularity throughout the United States and helped the public to divert their minds away from the challenges that affected them.

Due to the depressing challenges of the great depression, music played an important role in reviving the morale of the Americans. Listening to music provided relaxation to a large number of Americans and diverted their attentions from the challenges of the great depression. Songs helped to ease the helplessness and hopelessness brought about by the effects of the great depression. These songs included the brother can you spare a dime which was composed by Yip Harburg and played an important role in healing the experiences of the people and rejuvenation of hope and morale in the American society. Other songs that were written and performed to keep the American spirit and hope alive and divert the attentions included Al Dubin song, were in the money.

Another famous form of entertainment in the 1930s was films. It is important to note that some of the films created during the great depression are still popular today. Large numbers of Americans flocked to watch Walt Disney animation films. The most popular of these was The Three Little Pigs created in 1933. Walt Disney films provided entertainment to Americans of all walks of life, the young and the old and have since then evolved to be an American arts culture some of which are still watched today. Other Walt Disney movies famous films included the snow white and the seven dwarfs. Comedies were also a common form of entertainment and the laughter associated with it helped to ease effects of the economic crisis. Although the Americans were faced with adversity, comedies were a source of joy despite the challenges. The main plot of the comedies as well as the films was how the general population was struggling to deal with the impacts of the great depression.  Towards the end of the economic crisis, comedies, films and movies from other parts of the world such as Europe and the Latin America were enjoyed in the United States though some of them were in foreign language. Although the movies and films of the great depression had different themes, their main aim was to provide an escape for the Americans from the global economic crisis. This form of entertainment provided an opportunity for the Americans to think about other things instead of their economic chores.
Another notable source of entertainment during the great depression was the radio. Many Americans listened to the radio which provided everything the audience required, the young and the old. The radios station provided various programs for different class of people. The radio was also a major tool used by President Roosevelt to promote the New Deal and rejuvenate the spirit and hope among the Americans. On many occasions, President Roosevelt spoke to the Americans on the radio where he assured them of his commitment to solving the economic problems. In total, Roosevelt gave thirty inspiration speeches and interviews on the radio. These speeches came to be commonly known as the Fireside Chats because he sat near a fireplace while he gave the speeches. Various entertainments in the radio include popular shows such as the popular children show, Little Orphan Annie, comedians show and music.  Listening to these programs helped the general public to forget about the economic challenges and problems affecting them. The radio was not only a source of entertainment but also contributed in promoting hope and optimism among the Americans which was essential in the recovery of the country from the crisis.

Just as films, movies, music and the radio provided an escape from the realities of the great depression books also played an important role. Books provided pleasure among the Americans amidst the economic challenges. They therefore played an important role in keeping the spirit of the Americans alive. It was reliving to relax while reading an interesting book such as The Grapes of Wrath or Of Mice and Men which was written by the renowned writer of the time, John Steinbeck. This assisted the Americans in getting away with the challenges and hardships of life.  Other than giving the reader a relaxation of the mind, the books reassured the reader that they were not alone being faced with the same challenges and there was hope for economic recovery.

As the Americans were experiencing the wrath of the great depression, newspapers and magazine chains were founded. Edwin Scripps was the first publisher to establish a newspaper chain in the beginning of the economic crisis in the late 1920s. Later, other newspaper chains were founded with the establishment of the United Press Associations and the International News Services. Some magazines such as Time had been established earlier in the 1920s but other periodicals such as the Fortune and Life emerged during the great depression. The competition in the periodical market led to imitation such as the establishment of Newsweek which was an imitation of the Time. These magazines and newspapers also acted as an escape as well as promoting home among the Americans.

The Americans also involved themselves in other forms of entertainment such as popular culture and games to keep their spirit alive. People living in the same neighborhood would meet in the evening to talks and play cards among other games. The churches and other social programs organized events where both the young and the old could meet other people and enjoy themselves to ease the effects of the great depression. Most of these entertainments were at no cost and many people saw it as the only way to alleviate the worries in their lives. Although sporting activities such as the American football was not as popular as it is today, it played an important role during the 1930s economic crisis. The high schools and college teams were a great source of pride to the society who turned up in large numbers to enjoy the games. Radios were also another form of entertainment that played a major role during the great depression.

Conclusion
The Americans were faced with many challenges during the great depression with many of them losing hope and optimism. Entertainment was used as an escape and a refuge to the problems facing the Americans during the economic crisis. Different forms of entertainment helped in keeping the spirits of the Americans alive and rejuvenated their optimism.

American Values in the Declaration of Independence

The founding fathers who wrote the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America clearly states the American inalienable rights to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. The repressive administration that these people experienced from the administration of the English had brought to them to push for a society wherein they are allowed to pursue their right to life, freedom and happiness. The Declaration of Independence had shown to the world the outstanding and admirable values of the American like our desire for equality, respect and opportunity (Kyl 2007).

Reviewing these values in the current American society, it is sad to say that these values are not realized as much as it should be in the past. The first and most important problem lies on the inability of the younger generation to distinguish the rights that made possible the establishment of American society under the banner of life, liberty and happiness. According to some recent surveys, more than 15 percent of college seniors do not even know the rights that the Declaration of Independence is denoting. This in addition to the assessment of the National Assessment of Educational Progress report on primary school and high school students failure in the proficiency in U.S. History even in the basic level (Kyl 2007).

This is what is referred as the national amnesia. We are forgetting where we came from making us to forget our destination in the very first place. The story of America is the greatest story of politics that have occurred and this is what the younger generations is missing. This poses a huge problem due to the fact that we must first know our rights before we can live up on to them. Younger generation cannot live to the values that our founding fathers fought for if they do not know what their rights and obligations in the very first place (Bennett 2007).

DIVERSITY OF LONG ISLAND

A long time ago, Long Island was referred to as Matouac by some, Paumanok by others. Matouc means a young man, or the young warriors, referring to the younger tribes of the Western part of the Island. Paumanok is a word used to describe the land of tribute it symbolized Long Island function as a main source of resources used to make Sewan, often used to pay tribute or taxes to another tribe (Agee 32). The natives of Pamanok had a way of showing respect to the high authority they had it in their hearts to honor to those in power in the main land. Long Island had a great and important function in the history of the Algonquin people.

Long Island is situated at the East of New York it forms the shape of a fish. Its size is about twenty miles in width and expands northeast from the mouth of the Hudson River. It is divided from Staten Island by the Narrows and from Manhattan and the Bronx by the East River. It is separated from the New York mainland and Connecticut by Long Island Sound, to the north. To the South is the Atlantic Ocean (Bookbinder 29). Both Tail fins are at the east border. The one that extends to the north is called the Orient Point and is smaller in length, and the Montauk Point is larger in length and is more to the south part.

At the centre of these points, from west to east, is Great Peconic Bay. The North Shore is mountainous and spread with rocks. A glacial terminal moraine runs the length of the Island. The central section is even and covered in dust with pine growth covered in many parts. The Southern part is stumpy and sandy. There are extensive and fine obstacle reef islands beside the Southern shore, divided from the main island by the large, low Jamaica Bay (Agee 40).

The boundaries of New York City and Long Island have continued to overlap extensively. According to recent data sixty percent of New York City lives on Long Island. The reason for this is the inclusion of Queens County and Brooklyn as part of New York City, thus expanding in size. The eastern part of Queens then became Nassau County, one of the states newest counties. East of Nassau is Suffolk County, one of the oldest counties in the state, stretching across Long Island to its tip (Agee 28).

Urban areas
Many wealthy society people have estates along the scenic north shore. The Western end is more industrialized and has many row houses and apartments in Queens and Brooklyn. The Brooklyn is positioned at the west of Long Island it is one of New York Citys five regions and dwelling of millions of people. Native American life flourished here until the seventeenth century. Since the 1840s into the early twentieth century, it saw enormous European migration. By the year 1855, majority of Kings Countys residents were from other nations.

By 1860, Brooklyn was positioned as the third biggest city in the United States after New York and Philadelphia this was due to migration of people from other nations and combining Brooklyn with other towns and cities. The industrial landscape continued to grow as manufacturing grew (Bookbinder 30).The citys built environment changed not only by the pulling down and putting up that accompanied growth, but also by great fires that were a fact of nineteenth-century urban life. An example is the devastating blaze that tore through downtown Brooklyn in 1848. The countryside setting, itself was realized when farmers fell down trees and plowed the soil, therefore with time attributes of the city were formed.

Brooklyns uniqueness has urbanized out of the common relations of its land mark names. As totems of the boroughs customs and past, they persist on stirring the trendy thoughts. The avenues and locations of Brooklyn are the real foundations of the upcoming metropolis, and the origin of their names show, the nations wealthy and textured past. Yet on the external picture which is apparent, shows that the source of majority of Kings Countys street and place-names is still unknown and their origin is only known by a few individuals (Gabriel 40). At a speed exceeding New York City itself, Brooklyn was quickly emerging into a booming metropolis through its harbor, industrial range, and invasion of newcomers, and restricted by the building of the fabulous Brooklyn Bridge.

With its invasion of Williamsburg and Bushwick in 1855, Brooklyn became suddenly the third most heavily populated city in the United States. In the next four decades Brooklyn gradually consumed all the towns and villages that were around, so that by the centuries end, it became like Kings County. However Brooklyns empire building was short term by the smallest margins, Brooklynites voted in support of merging with New York, and in 1898 Brooklyn became a wide region (Agee 54).

The municipality soon became surrounded in contentious issues of the day relating to race, migration, learning, and accommodation. Brooklyns first residents included diverse groups of Native Americans it is physically located in Western Long Island. But one thing that differentiate it from other cities of Long Island which make use of several Indian names, it uses only a few of them. Streets names were used to demonstrate Dutch landowners.

Queens is one of the places where human rights struggles took place. This city boasts of lush parkland, walking trails, playgrounds, and athletic fields. But it is also a lively place to carry out business, as revealed by the many manufacturing and workplace complex that are all over the cities, along with hospital, learning institutions, arcades and museums, and all types of commercial businesses. And its unique neighborhood offers a welcome to immigrants and visitors from around the world. In 1898 Western Queens, became part of the New York City.  It was first occupied by a splitting up of the Algonquin Nation called the Matinecock (Gabriel 35).

The original arrangement was done by the Dutch in 1636 near Flushing Bay. On November 1, 1683, Queens County was formed as one of the 12 counties of the province of New York, and named after Catherine of Braganza, the queen consort of King Charles II. For its earliest 250 years, the land of Queens was still an enormous and open landscape of farmland and flood. Majority of the houses did not have electricity, and only those ways that passed through major towns like Newton, Long Island City and Flushing were tiled.

With the expansion of the Long Island Rail Road in 1870, Queens began to see the first signs of progress. Hospitals, a police department and other public services began to appear. Before the coming of the rail road Queens had only one post office. Queens industrial age took root in the late 19th century. Queens has become the site of major public and past progress. Today buildings of great architectural achievement and historical importance, including old trolley lines, railroad stations and homes of the rich and famous, are abolished and misplaced with modern cookie-cutter structures (Agee 60). Much has been done to protect the boroughs heritage through landmark designation. This has been only moderately successful.

Western Nassau County is served by the New York City subway system and lines of the Long Island system and lines of the Long Island Rail Road. There are transport steamers from Port Jefferson to Bridgeport, Connecticut. Long Island belongs to New York State.

Suburban areas
The central portion is devoted to suburban homes, light industry, aviation plants, and test fields. Jones Beach is a big south beach resort for day-trippers that are situated on a barrier island. Fire Island is located to the east and supplies to a more Bohemian aspect. Western Suffolk County stands as an extra ordinary suburb for Manhattans elite, they now telecommute or ride luxury buses or even helicopters into the city for board meetings or theatre dates (Gabriel 30).  Marine managers claim that twenty five percent of local ships belong to people of Nassau. Majority of Long Islanders now do all their activities on the Island working and residing, as a result housing and business development is driven farther east. The Suffolk County Department of Social Services claims that the average family of four requires an annual income of almost fifty thousands dollars in order to afford the least expensive housing rentals available.

Eastern Nassau County has gone through a revival of housing development, much of it gated, following the decrease in the real estate market in the early 1990s. Nassau County has a high population as from the 1997 statistics it also adjoins the eastern boundary of Queens. Although complete statistics for the number of gated communities in Nassau County have not been compiled, a survey conducted revealed seven gated developments along the main road, and the Pine Hills area farther to the east, there were at least three gated communities located in the vicinity (Benardo 80).

Nassau County is politically structured as a series of towns and villages. Incentive zoning systems permitting gated communities, and allowing clustering of houses have been added to the initial zoning and construction codes of only a few of these legislative entities. These new rules give the constructor good economical allowances and liberty to construct housing with fewer zoning limitations, but insist that some form of financial compensation or public amenity be given to the town or village for this privilege returns (Bookbinder 25).

Rural areas
Eastern Suffolk Countys (North Fork and south fork) In 1640, a minute group of Puritans who ran away from England because of religious prejudice became frustrated with conditions of New England. Guided by the Reverend John Youngs, they passed the Sound and came ashore at Founders Landing in what is today called the village of Southold. In 1682 their offspring bought huge amount of woodland and inhabited the north today known as Greenport. Later when the founders inhabited and built homes in South old, second generation immigrants farmed and grew potatoes, and vegetables like Brussels sprouts and cauliflower (Agee 33).

In the years between 1960s and 1970s fruits such as grapevines were planted, creating a new industry. Today, majority of Long Islands farms are situated along the Town of River, which has been in existence since 1727 the town is also home to a large trading entre. Riverhead indicates the place where the North and South forks divide with the Great and Little Peconic and Gardiners Bays at the centre like the space between two fingers (Benardo 70).

Some islands are also located in these bays namely Shelter Island and privately-owned Gardiners Island.  On both sides, almost seventy square miles from Wading River to Jamesport, the Town of Riverhead borders Long Island Sound on the north and the Towns of Brookhaven, Southampton and Southold on three sides. The town is home to thousands of people and includes the hamlets of Aquebogue, Baiting Hollow, Jamesport, Northville, Riverhead, Wading River and part of Calverton. Because the town of Riverhead broadens from West Suffolk County into the North Fork, its consider part of both. This region is mainly involved in agriculture, resorts, and oyster fishing. Whaling was formerly significant majority of original inhabitants came from New England and Nantucket. Much of the Eastern remains countryside. Famous resort towns include Southampton, Easthampton, and Amagansett.

North Fork town is a bit more down-to-earth and affordable than South Fork villages. It is known for its wineries, they are close to thirty clustered mainly in the towns of Jamesport, Cutchogue and Southold. North Fork has some beautiful, unspoiled scenery and also farms and rural residential areas, a drive along its ways is refreshing. The Western parts of Suffolk County are much ahead in terms of growth, but the eastern end of the county which includes the North and South Forks, is has shown little growth and little development (Benardo 55).

In the country side of eastern Suffolk County farming is one of the major activities that people do, most homes are supplied by private residential sources of water. Suffolk County, with agricultural products having market values exceeding 100 million dollars a year, is the leading farm county in New York State (Agee 29).  The major crop grown on Long Island is potato, but the area of land planted has been decreasing.

The northern and southern forks of eastern Long Island surround Peconic Bay. A cold moraine of small hills, extending out into the Atlantic where the Labrador Current from the north meets the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, forms the South Fork. Distributed among the hills are small ponds, wide meadows, and tiny freshwater streams that get their way into tidal wetlands. Cross to the eastern end of the South Fork, the land contracts to form a low sandy area called Napeague, an Algonquian word meaning water land. Heavy storms occasionally drive water across Napeague, secluding the remaining land on the eastern end of the South Fork. This area has eleven thousands acres of land and is called Montauk, an Algonquian word meaning place of observation or a fortified place. Eastward from Napeague, the hills rise up to command the horizon (Agee 24). The Indians called these hills Nominick meaning land that can be seen from afar. Overlooking the eastern shore of Fort Pond, a high bluff offers a panoramic view of the South Fork.

The First World War

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the cause of the First World War. While the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand was regarded the immediate cause for the war, one must take into consideration the underlying circumstances that led to this fateful event.  If there was one major underlying cause of the war, it was nationalism (Duffy, 2009).

Nationalism is often defined as professing love for ones country.  But on careful observation, majority of the nations involved were the great powers of the time (Germany, Russia, Britain, France, and later the United States).  Their definition of nationalism was different from other countries as this put emphasis on pride of their achievements which in turn was manifested by their economic and political achievements being industrialized and possessing territories overseas.  Furthermore, peoples attitude towards war was different then as they saw it as an opportunity for glory, another achievement to be attained by their nation and to bring personal honor to the individual.  War was something welcomed as it gave citizens a chance to prove their devotion to their nation and add to its glory by distinguishing themselves in battle.

Friction began when the nationalism of these countries would clash with one another as they vied for supremacy over the other (Bloch, 1935, p. 26).  This led a competition to acquire more territories and a massive buildup of their military forces as a deterrent against one another.  The more colonies they acquire would give the impression they were the most powerful and their armed forces were the means to an end in making this happen.  But since they all saw each other as potential adversaries sometime in the future despite the civility they display in the realm of diplomacy or had cooperated before in the past.

Others took a different approach and sought alliances as a way to make potential enemies an ally giving them more leverage against other rivals (Bloch, 1935, pp. 24-25).  This saw Austria-Hungary aligning itself with Germany while Britain, Russia and Italy and even France forming another, as well as forming alliances with several other countries as well.  Through the alliance, the parties involved were confident that their allies would come to their aid should they be attacked and the latter was obliged to honor the terms of the alliance (Duffy, 2009).

Going back to nationalism, this had a tremendous impact in other states, particularly the restive Balkan region which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.  The Serbs, in particular began to develop a feeling of national awareness and were beginning to resent being under a foreign ruler.  Some resorted to terrorism such as the Black Hand which was responsible for the assassination of the Archduke as a way of making a statement.  The assassination was an affront to the national pride of Austria-Hungary yet they were not content with the punishment meted to the assassin.  The former demanded more from Serbia, threatening war if it did not comply. Russia, an ally of Serbia had to intervene and when the war started, Germany was obliged to come to the aid of its ally which started the war (and they got blamed for it in the end).  Russias other allies then had to come to its aid and that was how the war began.

In summary, it could be inferred that the clash of nationalism was the root cause of the war.  It had spawned related causes such as competition among the great powers as evidenced by acquiring more colonies, having an arms race and entering into tactical alliances but these proved to have made the war possible than prevent it all because of national agitation in a small country called Serbia that brought everything full circle as one assassination sent the rest of the world at war.

Effects of Michigan Role in the civil war

Michigan was one of the states that made a substantial impact and contribution to American civil war. It supplied numerous troops as well as generals. Michigans contribution to the civil war was quite tremendous. From 1861 to the year 1865, Michigan sent about 90, 747 men to participate in the civil war (The civil war, 2009).  Around 90,000 Michigan who ended up leaving their farms, loved ones and businesses ended up dying (Don, 2010). Others returned disabled and maimed. When the President  Of USA, Abraham Lincoln asked for volunteers who could defend the country and the union, most Michigan men and women rose to this challenge. With a spark of intrigue and a sense of adventure they banded all together only to realize that the war was actually more than they had bargained for. Heroism was followed by great catastrophe that left most families with sad memories.

The Civil war proved to be one of the most catastrophic and violent events of History. Soldiers faced numerous trials and children who once had their families intact came to the dark realization that they were no more. Michigans volunteers were just an example of Lincolns call for addition troops in the year 1862. Some of the Michigan men got released from the war due to sickness and inability. They suffered severely after weeks of fighting both psychologically and physically. Others were taken as captives and were inflicted by the physical conditions of the prison. The sandy soil, flat topography, elevation higher above the tide that had resulted to poor drainage and extreme weather conditions that amounted from chilling cold to blazing heat. There was polluted water that exacerbated the strains of inadequacy of food, fuel, clothing, medical care and housing. All these were just an imagery of what the Michigan captives and soldiers went through in their role to safeguard the union. Almost 4,000 prisoners had died in a span of around 22 months (William, 1863-1864). Correspondents were sent from home written by sisters, mothers, wives of the soldiers and prisoners complaining of family hardships and emotional torture.

Michigan State was at haste to respond to the war outbreak. It gave Federal Service its military forces that comprised of twenty eight militia companies. There were numerous volunteer recruits who came from the offices, shops, farms and schools. They were all filled with great enthusiasm, patriotism and loyalty. They had sworn to serve the country to the bitter end against the opposers and enemies. Every appeal from the president for more troops was completely met by Michigan.

Michigans contribution to the war was quite immense until President Abraham Lincoln asserted, thank God for Michigan.During the civil war, approximately 23 of the male population in the year 1860 contributed in the American civil war. Before the war came to an end, Michigan had furnished more than 90,000 men of which 85,000 were actually volunteers (Ida, 2007). The forces formed eleven Calvary regiments and thirty infantry regiments. Even after having to endure and survive all the years of war, death still stalked them  while some of them went back home to continue with their interrupted duties as much as they could. They had stories to take back home to their grandchildren and children as well as write reminisces that could be read at the regiments reunion.

Despite the fact that Michigan got appraisal from the president, the war had great adverse effects on the soldiers and their families. There were 14, 753 reported cases of death among Michigan men who died in the war. Around 4,448 were combats deaths and about 9,000 were as a result of diseases brought by poor sanitation and poor living conditions. Michigans black race and the first colored Infantry got an opportunity to contribute heavily to the civil war and demonstrate their loyalty as well as earn a measure of equality (Darlene Earnestine, 1999).

During the civil war, most people from Michigan suffered from communicable diseases and chronic illnesses. They suffered from measles, whooping cough, typhus, meningitis, diarrhea, jaundice, smallpox, yellow fever, bights disease and rheumatism.

When the civil war came to an end, Michigan finally felt at ease knowing that they had fulfilled their major duty. Its cavalry was tremendously celebrated than any other troop. Most of the regiments were quite feared. They were present in each encounter. Women just like men had their share of stories to narrate on the effects of the civil war to them. According to most peoples convention, there is always a tendency to think that the civil war was just a mans fight but this is just a fallacy. There were images of Michigan women who acted as romantic spies, volunteer nurses and brave ladies who maintained their homes in the absence of their husbands.

Michigan men who participated in the war lived in camps and engaged in some heinous battles while languishing in appalling camps end ended up dying horribly though heroically. Women also played a major role in the battle as they bore the arms as they charged in the battle (DeAnn. N.d).  Just like men some women lived and suffered in prison. Others ended up dying equally. The women soldiers who were involved in the civil war were seriously wounded and could be taken as prisoners. They were hence killed. Most of the women could hide their identity to be in a position to fight closer to their loved ones.  Though the women suffered from inferiority complex most of them already knew how crucial it was for them to stand by their husbands during the war era. Pauline Cushman from Michigan played the role of a spy to the Union.

She could follow the confederate Army and gather some crucial information. However, she eventually got captured since she had some incriminating papers and was sentenced to be hung. She eventually got rescued by the Union Troops and later made as an honorary major by the President (Linda, 2010)  Women could assume the male identities and put on uniforms ready for the battle. Women also took the nursing roles in order to save the soldiers lives.

They also worked hard to manufacture ammunition, uniforms, arms as well as other supplies for their soldiers. However, some were highly affected who initially had considered themselves as ladies and not necessarily as women. During the civil war they found themselves assuming some unaccustomed duties like providers, protectors and workers as their husbands were busy fighting. Most children at this time suffered since they were forced by the civil war to be separated from their parents and at times they ended up dying as a result of the war that prevailed.

It is lucid that Michigan soldiers and volunteers played a major role in the Civil war. In a span of a short period they had already become heroes among people they hardly knew. However, it is also patent that they got more than they had bargained for. They ended up dying out of sickness and other social factors. Others ended up sustaining serious wounds while their families underwent psychological, social and physical trauma because of losing their loved ones. It is a period full of sad memories for those who were greatly affected and to generations to come. However, it will always have some wonderful though to some extent tragic moments for those who survived it as they are legends who will always be viewed with admiration.

The Missouri Compromise

What led to the passing of the Missouri Compromise The Missouri compromise was passed in order to retain the balance of power between anti-slavery states and the pro-slavery states. It was an agreement that was passed in 1820 by the United States congress. It was concerned with the regulation of slavery within the western territories hence it was an accord that revolved the issue of slavery between two factions, the anti-slavery faction and the pro-slavery faction. The Missouri compromise that was signed in 1820 resulted in the admittance of the state of Missouri in to the southern states as a slave state while Maine, which was cut out from the northern region of Massachusetts was admitted in to the Union as a free state. This enabled that the number of free states and the slave states to be equal in congress, each totaling to twelve, and therefore achieving a balance of power.

Slavery
Slavery had been a hotly contested issue in the United States following the end of the American civil war. Prior to the civil war, the slavery had been common in the United States with slaves being brought to work in the plantations that the whites owned especially in the Southern states. Abolitionist reforms began in the North that was opposed to slavery which was one of the factors that resulted in the civil war. After the war, Free states were created in the North while the South continued slavery due to the large plantation that needed a lot of labor and which was provided by the blacks.

The balance of power
Following the revolution, the number of states had increased from thirteen to twenty two, with the Free states being eleven while the southern slave states were eleven as well. This balance ensured that there was a balance of power within congress and in the House of Representatives. This balance enabled each of these two sides to participate equally in matters discussed within congress and in the House of Representatives as well as prevent the passage of any law that could have negative implications on any of the two groups. This balance started to change when the slave holding states in the south began to get concerned that they would be outnumbered in congress since they had a smaller white population as compared to the northern Free states.

In addition, the House of Representatives under the constitution at the time provided for representation founded on the total number of the white population in addition to three-fifths of the total black population. The constitution also allocated each of the states two senators only. In addition, there was a rapid increase in the population of the northern states. All this factors made the southern states to start feeling as if overpowered by the northern states with the south occupying less that fifty percent of the seats within the House of Representatives as the Free states had a hundred and five votes as compared to eighty one that the southern states had.

The states of Missouri and Maine
After the war, white immigrants began to settle in Missouri from 1815 with most of them coming from the states of Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky. There numbers increased over and they petitioned for it to become as state in 1817 which was at first denied. Missouri was the first territory that was within the initial area that had been purchased under the Louisiana Purchase from the French to apply for statehood. The leaders in Missouri wanted it to be a state that did not have any restrictions on slavery since most of the settlers had come form the South. This was a move that sparked anger among the politicians from the northern states that were Free states.

If the petition for statehood would be granted, the balance of power would be disrupted as the southern slave states would have more seats in the senate which would give them a majority number of seats. A second petition was raised in March 16, 1818 in the House of Representatives to grant Missouri statehood by John Scott who was the delegate to congress of Missouri. Since it was an election year, the petition was postponed in addition to the fact it would lead to the south having more seats which the north did not want. Another petition was introduced by Henry Clay who was the speaker at the time December 18, 1818.

This was countered by James Tallmadge, who was the representative for New York. He introduced an amendment bill to the petition that prohibited the introduction of slavery in to the state of Missouri. The amendment also required that all of the slaves who would be born there should be emancipated when the attained the age of twenty five. This bill was able to pass within the House of Representatives but was not able to pass the senate stage as it was defeated since the southern states hade much greater strength. In the senate, the amendment bill was separated so as to consider the two parts of the bill on their own.

The southern senators were able to argue that congress did not posses any powers to prevent slavery from being practiced in Missouri. Rufus King, who was a senator from New York, was among the senators who were opposed to the amendments stating that the constitution did not have the power to limit congress. In addition, William Pinckney who was the senator for Maryland stated that the exercise of admitting new states should be done in a manner that would equal the two sides of the original states. As such, he argued that each of the states had their own power to self determine with regards to the issue of slavery. Each of the sides maintained their stands without wanting to reach a compromise on the issue.

The sixteenth congress that was convened December, 1819 still had the two sides opposing over the granting of statehood to Missouri. In addition, the House of Representatives differed with congress as it still agreed to the statehood of Missouri while congress was still divided. It was during this time that Maine, which was a free territory in the larger Massachusetts, asked to be granted statehood as well. This brought to two the regions asking for statehood magnifying the division in congress between the two opposing sides.

It was at this point that Henry Clay, the speaker of the house, decided to bring a balance between the two opposing sides in congress. Maine wanted to be admitted in to the Union hence it would be a free state. As such, the speaker ruled that for Maine to be admitted in to the Union, Missouri also had to be made in to a state. He also stated that the senators from the Free states would have to withdraw the amendments they had proposed on Missouri that had restricted slavery.

The Missouri compromise
Despite the persuasion by the speaker, the two opposing sides were still adamant to reach an agreement. This deadlocked reigned until 1820 when they agreed to have the two states admitted, with Missouri joining the southern slave states while Maine joined the northern Free states. Congress agreed to pass both states in one single bill that was introduced by John Taylor on January 26, 1820 that allowed the people of Missouri to make amendments that would enable them to form their own state constitution.

This bill was accompanied by an amendment that resulted from the motion tabled by Jesse. Thomas that in effect excluded slavery from the remaining region of the Louisiana Purchases territory that was to the north of the 3630 latitude. Though this amendment was rejected by the House of Representatives, it was later agreed that it should pass following a committee that was formed from the members of both houses which agreed to treat the two bills separate. The two bills were both approved on March 5, 1820, with consequent ratification on March 6, 1820 James Monroe, the president at the time.

Problems arising from the compromise
The leaders in the newly formed sate of Missouri were not happy with the delay that they encountered in their petition for the formation of the state of Missouri. They felt that congress had overstepped its powers by trying to interfere with affairs that were of interest to themselves alone. This made them to include a provision within their new state constitution that barred the immigration of free blacks in to the state in 1821. The provision required the exclusion from the state of all free Negroes as well as mulattoes. As such, no free slaves or mulattoes would be able to enter the state or settle within the state.  This sparked a new controversy as northern legislators objected to this provision in the Missouri constitution.
 
The renewed rivalry was worse that the one experienced earlier with there being numerous threats of dissolving the Union. The provision included by the state of Missouri was found to be discriminatory as it was against citizens of black and racial races. The provision was not consistent with the provisions of the United States constitution that granted that the citizens of any of the states was entitled to all of the immunities and privileges that were enjoyed by the citizens of another state. With the eventual defeat of this provision in the Missouri constitution, the southern house representatives and senators charged the northern senators and representatives that they were being unfairly treated.

The rivalry between the northern and the southern legislators was intensified due to the fact that Maine, which had been recently admitted in to the free states already had two senators in congress yet the north had been able to exclude Missouri from the senate. In order to ensure that this enmity would come to an end, the two senators from Maine sided with the southern legislators so that senators from the state of Missouri could be added to congress. John Holmes, one of the two senators from Maine was able to garner support from the rest of the southern senators in pushing for the inclusion of Missouri senators on to congress.

Together with the house speaker, Henry Clay, and a committee comprised of twenty three representatives and seven senators whom he chaired, John Holmes was able to broker a second compromise that saw the admission of Missouri in to the union and the inclusion of the Missouri senators in to the senate. This new compromise held that Missouri would join the Union upon the essential condition that there would be no law enacted by the state that would be in any way discriminatory as provided in the constitution of the land. The state was to accept this condition and would have to record this assent by signing the condition and sending an authentic copy of the Act to the president of the country.

Missouri accepted these conditions and was admitted in to the union on an equal position as the original sates of the union on all aspects. The second compromise was prepared by the Henry Clay and was signed by the president on March 2, 1821

Importance of the compromise
The Missouri compromise was significant as it helped to stop the spread of slavery in the United States. The compromise enabled the prevention of slavery from spreading to the north and was only practiced in the south whose economy was heavily dependent on as it was the major source of labor in the large plantations. The compromise therefore led to the passage of law that resulted in prohibiting of slavery and the slave trade. The compromise line that was drawn following the 36 302  latitude ensured that all of the states that were north of it would be Free states. As such, any new state that would be created in this region would have to be a free state.    

The compromise set the stage for anti slavery movements which were equally successful in bringing the end of slavery in the united sates. In 1832, the Antislavery society was formed in New England which was followed by the bigger American Antislavery society within the northern Free states which led to the eventual abolition of slavery and slave trade in the United States. In addition, the large number of white population in the north as compared to the one in the south made it easier for abolitionist movements to gather momentum and ensure the end of slavery.

The Missouri compromise helped to reestablish the balance of power between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery states within the congress and in the House of Representatives. This was important as it enabled these two factions not to be involved in any activities that could have led to war breaking out considering that the American civil war had occurred not so long ago and reconstruction efforts had not been successfully complete yet. This was important because the balance of power ensured that the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in congress were satisfied with the equal representation in congress and therefore there were no tensions between the two factions. With the two sides equal in congress, there would be no chance of passing any law that could have been negative to one of the sides resulting in disagreements and possible war.

The balance of power was so important such that there were no other states added from 1820 until 1836 when Arkansas was admitted as a state joining the south as a slave state while Michigan was admitted as a state to the free states in 1837. This brought the total number of states to twenty six with each side of the divide have thirteen states each.

Future consequences of the Missouri compromise
A new compromise was enacted in 1850 that saw the conventional line agreed by congress passing on the 36 302  latitude scrapped off as the sate of California was added as a free state. In addition, the states of Utah and New Mexico joined the southern states practicing slavery. This was followed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act that was passed in 1854 and in effect repealed the earlier Missouri compromise. The new Act produced a new reorganization of the free and slave states. This was because the Act enabled two new states, Nebraska and Kansas, which were located to the north of the 36 302  latitude to become slavery states. In addition, the states that became open to slavery increased as the pro-slavery states expanded both to the north and the west.

In 1857, a United States supreme court made a ruling that challenged the constitutionality of the 1820 Missouri compromise. In the Dred Scott V. Sandford case, Scott, who was a slave, had lived together with his master within Illinois which was a free state. He also had lived with his master in Wisconsin, which was a territory that slavery was prohibited in accordance with the Missouri compromise. Following the death of his master, Scott had lodged a case with the Missouri courts asking for his liberty on the basis that he had lived as a slave in a free state. The Supreme Court delivered a ruling against Scott where it argued that congress had been deprived of the right to take away any property owned by an individual without following the due process of the law by Fifth Amendment. As such, the Missouri compromise that had banned slavery north of 36 302  had been unconstitutional.

Conclusion
Slavery and the balance of power led to the passing of the Missouri Compromise. Slavery had been a hotly contested issue in the United States following the end of the American civil war. Prior to the civil war, the slavery had been common in the United States with slaves being brought to work in the plantations that the whites owned especially in the Southern states. After the war, Free states were created in the North while the South continued slavery due to the large plantations that needed a lot of labor which the blacks provided.  This led to a balance of power as the two sides had equal number of states.  

Leaders from the newly settled Missouri asked for statehood with slavery being allowed in the new state. The balance of power that existed before Missouri asked for statehood would be disrupted as the southern slave states would have more seats in the senate which would give them a majority number of seats if the petition for statehood would be granted. Maine, which was a free territory in the larger Massachusetts, also asked to be granted statehood as well leading to a widening of the disagreement as it wanted to be admitted in to the Union hence it would be a free state. This led to the brokering of the Missouri compromise that resulted in Missouri joining the southern slave states while Maine joined the northern Free states.

Problems arose from the Missouri compromise with legislators in Missouri including a provision in there state constitution that required the exclusion from the state of all free Negroes as well as mulattoes. As such, no free slaves or mulattoes would be able to enter the state or settle within the state. This problem was solved by a second compromise that saw the admission of Missouri in to the union and the inclusion of the Missouri senators in to the senate. The Missouri compromise was significant as it helped to stop the spread of slavery in the United States. The compromise enabled the prevention of slavery from spreading to the north. The Missouri compromise also helped to reestablish the balance of power between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery states.

The Early Life of Chinese Women in America

The third chapter of Pfaelzers book entitled Driven Out is about the fate and experiences of the early Chinese women in America. Aptly titled as The Womans Tale, this chapter narrates the sufferings that Chinese women experienced because of racism, discrimination, and injustice. The chapters discussion revolved around the common images attached to Chinese women in the past, which are slave prostitutes who spread diseases and infidelity and obedient women that are subjected to foot binding.

Questions addressed by the text are what are the implications of these images to their status in the society and their experience in America and what is the role of the American society against the bigotry and conflict with the Chinese race. The main point that Pfaelzer evidently achieved in delivering to its readers is that the injustice and sufferings experienced by the Chinese women are caused directly to them by the prejudiced white Americans and the abusive Chinese men who took advantage of them. The stigma of being diseased prostitutes and second-rate citizens were unfairly imposed on them and history documents how they remained helpless against these cruelties.

Pfaelzer documents in The Womans Tale how the discrimination and hardships the Chinese have endured were caused by political and social weakness of Americans in protecting and treating fairly the races that are different from them. The early Chinese women lived around the prejudice that they have the power to taint the physical and moral purity of the nation and therefore should be avoided, controlled, or removed from the lands of the country (Pfaelzer, 2008, p. 97). The chapter also narrates that there had been attempts to correct this treatment to Chinese women. Aside from the incomplete laws like the Page Act, there also came to a point when Chinese women tried to fight back. Some managed to liberate themselves for a short period of time but they remained vulnerable and never easily achieved freedom.

The Beast in The White City

A  Review  of  The History

American  society  had  undergone  an  illogical   science  of  urgency  of  late
which  conjures  up  the  memories  of  the  lost  history  relevant  to  the  development
of  America. The  Gilded  Age  can  also  be  seen  as  the  most  significant  course   or
constraint  to  unearth  revolutions  and  debates  for  such  medieval  prospects  evolved
in  the  country. The  revolution  led  to  many  sophisticated  transitions  which  list  them
all  as  remarkable  events  in  the  history  of  America  and  states.  However,  a  brief
study  into  history  of  all  fundamental  evolutions,  revolutions  and  perspectives  of
The  Gilded  Age  brings  us  an  instant   picture  of  determination  and  reliance  in  its
very  regard.

Over  the  past  many  years,  historians  and  writers  have  debated  on  several
circumstances  surfaced  in  America  during  The  Gilded  age  and,  most  importantly,
during  the  making  of  The  White  City  to  celebrate  400th  anniversary  of
Christopher  Columbus  arrival  in  the  new  world  in 1492.  The  event  held  in
Chicago  in  the  year   1893  is  known  as   The  Worlds Columbian  Fair  or  The
Worlds  Columbian  Exposition.

The  first  wave  of  fast  Industrialization  during  the  Gilded  Age  not  only
affected  Chicago  on  economic  levels,  it  raised  many  social,  racial  and  political
issues  as  well.  In  fact,  the  new  perception  of  growth  and  instability  seemed  quite
unfamiliar  amongst  a  large  group  of  people  in  Chicago  which,  thus,  led  to
conflicts  of  two  disparate  outlooks.

Erik  Larson,  the  Author  of  the  spellbinding  bestseller The  Devil in  The
White  City,  elaborates  the  contemporary  focus  in  his  book.  The  intellectual
approach  to  a  non  fictional  region  through  a  novelistic  way  helped  felicitating
several  loopholes  and  areas  for  improvisations.  Erik  Larson  wrote  in  his  book  The
Devil  in  The  White  City,   The  thing  entranced  me  about  Chicago  in  The  Gilded
Age  was  the  Citys  willingness  to  take  on  the  impossible  in  the  name  of  civic
honor.  The  juxtaposition  of  pride  and  unfathomed  evil  struck  me  as  an  offering  to
an  insight  into  the  nature  of  men  and  their  ambitions  (The  Devil  in  The  White
City).  Historians  agree  that  The  White  City  of Chicago  in  The Gilded  Age  had
acquired  a  name  for  controversy,  but  they  have  drawn  quite  different  conclusions
in  the  addressing  following  questions

1. Did  Larsons  intent  play  out  successfully
2. What  is  the  difference  between  real  Chicago  and  The  White  City
3. Why  is  Erik  Larsons  White  City  different

The  review  of  the  book  and  other  significant  mean  focuses  on  these  four

Questions.
Did  Larsons  Intent

Play  Out  Successfully

In  an  influential  Cross  of  Gold speech  William  Jennings  Bryan  ( 1896 )
raised  his  voice  against   the  endorsement  of   the  free  coinage  of  silver  at  a  ratio  of  silver  to  gold  of  16  to 1.  This  inflationary  issue  was  of  its  kind  and
significance  in  the  Gilded  Age  which  could  have  triggered  the  increased  amount
of  money  in  circulation  and  aided  cash  poor  and  debt  burdened  farmers  (
Bryans  Cross  of  Gold  Speech ).  Direct  excerpts  from  the  Cross  of  gold  speech
delivered  by  William  Jennings  Bryan  on  July  9,  1896,  at  the  Democratic  National
Convention  in  Chicago  help  to  understand  the  levels  of   concerns  and  Issues
related  to  the  development  in  the  Gilded  Age.

I  shall  not  slander  the  fair  state  of  Massachusetts  nor  the  state  of  New  York  by
saying  that  when  citizens  are  confronted  with  the  proposition,   Is  this  nation
able   to  attend  to  its  own  business  I  will  not  slander  either  one  by  saying
that  the  people  of  those  states  will  declare  our  helpless  impotency  as  a  nation  to
 attend  to our  own  business.  It  is  the  issue  of  1776  over  again.  Our  ancestors,
when  but  3   million,  had  the  courage  to  declare  their  political  independence  of
every  other   nation  upon  earth.  Shall  we,  their  descendants,  when  we  have  grown
to  70  million,  declare  that  we  are  less  independent  than  our  forefathers  No,  my
friends,  it  will  never  be  the  judgment  of  this  people.  Therefore,  we  care  not  upon
what  lines  the  battle  is  fought.  If  they  say  bimetallism  is  good  but  we  cannot
have  it  till  some  nation  helps  us,  we  reply  that,  instead  of  having  a  gold  standard
because  England  has, we  shall  restore  bimetallism,  and  then  let  England  have
bimetallism  because  the  United  States  have.  If  they  dare  to  come  out  in  the  open
field  and  defend  the  gold  standard  as  a   good  thing,  we  shall  fight  them  to  the
uttermost,  having  behind  us  the  producing  masses  of  the  nation  and  the  world.
having  behind  us  the  commercial  interests  and  the   laboring  interests  and  all  the
toiling  masses,  we  shall  answer  their  demands  for  a  gold  standard  by  saying  to
them,  you  shall  not  press  down  upon  the  brow  of  labor  this  crown  of  thorns.

You  shall  not  crucify  mankind  upon  a  cross  of  gold  ( Bryans  Cross  of  Gold
Speech ).  The  following  excerpts  from  the  famous  Cross  of  Gold  Speech  by
William  Jennings  Bryan   agrees  with  Larsons  point  of  view  in  his  book  The
Devil  in  The  White  City.  On  the  contrary,  The  Great  Chicago  fire  in  1871
reminded  Americans  that  large  cities  were  becoming  Important  parts  of  their
society  during  the  Gilded  Age,  and  faced  their  own  dangers  ( Qtd.  In  Illinois
During  the  Gilded  Age).

In  the  year  1877  the  Munn  case  revolutionized  the  corporate  features  and
was  regarded  as  a  milestone  in  the  growth  of  federal  government  regulation.  The
opinion  delivered  by  chief  justice  Morrison  Remick  Waite  proposed  the  National
Grange  to  regulate  grain  elevator  rates,  declaring  that  business  interests  used  for
Public  good  be  regulated  by  government.  This  decision  also  affected  similar  laws
Governing  railroad  rates  as  they  were  also  deemed  private  utilities  serving  the
public  interest,  the  laws  governing  their  rates  were  constitutional  as  well.  Both  
applications  were  considerably  narrowed  and  weakened  by  the  decision  in  Wabash,
St. Louis    Pacific  Railway  Company  v.  Illinois  also  known  as  the  Wabash  Case
( Qtd. In  Munn  Vs. Illinois ).  In  Munn  v. Illinois,  the  Supreme  Court  decided  that
the  Fourteenth  Amendment  ( because  the  Grangers  asserted  their  due  process  right  
to  property  was  being  violated )  did  not  prevent  the  State  of  Illinois  from
regulating  charges  for  use  of  a  business  grain  elevators.  Instead,  the  decision
focused  on  the  question  of  whether  or  not  a  private  company  could  be  regulated  
in  the  public  interest.  The  courts  decision  was  that  it  could,  if  the  private
company  could  be  seen  as  a  utility  operating  in  the  public  interest ( Qtd. In  Munn
vs. Illinois ).

Unlike  other  revolutions,  the  rally  addressed  by  Albert  Richard  Parsons  at
Haymarket  Square  immediately  strikes  the  memories  of  a  brutal  massacre.  The
incident,  hence,  coincides  with  the  theory  of  Erik  Larson  in  his  book.

The  brutal  massacre  also  known  as  Haymarket  Affair  presents  the  pride
and  unfathomed  evil  prospects  into  the  nature  of  men  and  their  ambitions  during
the  Gilded  Age.  In  his  final  advice  to  his  supporteres,  Albert  Richard  Parsons
wrote, To  other  hands  are  now  committed  that  task  which  was  mine,  in  the  work
and  duty,  as  editor  of  this  paper.  Though  fallen,  wounded  perhaps  unto  death,  in
the  battle  for  liberty,  the  standard   the press   which  my  hands  bore  aloft  in
the  midst  of  the  struggle  is  caught  up  by  other  hands,  and  will  be  again  and
again,  if  needs,  till  the  crimson  banner  waves  in  triumph  over  the  enemies  of
peace,  brotherhood,  and h appiness.  And  now  to  all  I  say  Falter  not.  Lay  bare  the
inequities  of  capitalism  expose  the  slavery  of  law  proclaim  the  tyranny  of
government   denounce  the  greed,  cruelty ,  abominations  of  the  privileged  class
who  riot  and  revel  on  the  labor  of  their  wage - slaves. Farewell  ( Albert  Parsons ).

The  collaborative  efforts  and  intensity  put  in  by  William  Jennings
Bryan  et al.  seemed  to  have  represented  the  citys  willingness  to  take  on
impossible  in  the  name  of  civic  honor.  The  juxtapositon  of  pride  and  unfathomed
Evil  offers  powerful  insights  into  the  nature  of  men  and  their  ambitions. Therfore,
Erik  Larsons  intent  seemed  to  have  played  out  successfully.
What  Is  The  Diffrence  Between
Real  Chicago and  The White City

The  real  Chicago  underwent  possible  racial,  social  and  ecomical  changes
during  the  Gilded  Age.  Moreover,  every  potent  strand  of  the  society  seemed  to
have  been  affected  by  less  co  operative  developments  on  all  levels  of  economy.
Chicago  can  also  be  catergorised  into  two  groups  A  and  B,  in  fact ,  one  of  them
can  be  further  divided  into  two  equal  sections  A  1  and  A  2.  Group  A  consisted
people  who  were  either  in  favor  of  the  development  in  the  Gilded  Age  or  people
who  were  against  it  for  whatsoever  reason.  Whereas,  Group  B  was  void  of  any
such  conflicts  of  mind.  The  focus  was  primarily  centered  onto  the  construction  of
the  White  City.

The  making  of  the  White  City  on  the  occasion  of  Worlds  Columbian
Exposition  in  the  year  1893  in  Chicago  was  also  proclaimed  by  some  as  a
strategy  to  carve  a  top  notch  in  Architecture,  Art,  Chicagos  self  image, and
American  Industrial  optimism.  A  considerable  part  of  the  real  Chicago  was
polluted,  underdeveloped,  illiterate  and  was  going  through  certain  controvercial  and
revolutionary  issues.  However,  The  White  City  was  affluent  and  royality.

As  mentioned  in  the  Article  Worlds  Columbian  Exposition, Most  of  the
buildings  were  based  on  classical  architecture.  The  area  at  the  Court  of  Honor
was  known  as  The White City.  The  buildings  were  made  of  a  White  stucco,
which,  in  comparison  to  the  tenements  of  Chicago,  seemed  illuminated.  It  was
also  called  the  White  City  because  of  the  extensive  use  of  street  lights,  which
made  the  boulevards  and  buildings  usable  at  night  ( Worlds  Columbian  Exposition
).

Why  is  Erik  Larsons
White  City  Different

The  White  City  as  explained  in  the  pages  of  modern  history  and  other
available  soureces  was  meant  to  cover  the  secrets  and  other  negligence  on  the
part  of  Government  and  other  federal  officials.

As  detailed  in  Erik  Larsons  popular  history  The  Devil  in  the  White  City,
extraordinary  effort  was  required  to  accomplish  the  exposition,  and  much  of  it
was  unfinished  on  opening  day.  The famous  Ferris  Wheel,  which  proved  to  be  a
major  attendance  draw  and  helped  save  th e fair  from  bankruptcy,  was  not  finished
until  June,  because  of  waffling  by  the  board  of  directors  the  previous  year  on
whether  to  build  it.  Frequent  debates  and  disagreements  among  the  developers  of
the  fair  added  many  delays.  The  spurning  of  Buffalo  Bills  Wild  West  Show
proved  a  serious  financial  mistake.  Buffalo  Bill  set  up  his  highly  popular  show
next  door  to  the  fair  and  brought  in  a  great  deal  of  revenue  that  he  did  not  have
to  share  with  the  developers.  Nonetheless,  construction  and  operation  of  the  fair
proved  to  be  a  windfall  for  Chicago  workers  during  the  serious  economic
recession  that  was  sweeping  the  country  ( Qtd. In  Worlds  Columbian  Exposition ).

Erik  Larsons  White  City  tells  a  story of  one  of  Americas  first  serial
Killers  and  digs  out  hidden  aspects  of  The White  City.  The  assasination  of
Popular  mayor  Carter  Harrison,  Senior  by  Patrick  Eugene  Prendergast  potrays  a
different  White  City  ( Qtd. In  Worlds  Columbian  Exposition).

Hence, The  White  City  as explained  in  The  Devil  in  The  White  City  is
quite  different  from  real  White  City.